make `ChromiumDevice.stopApp` a no-op if it has already been called (#156778)

(Hopefully) fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/156700

To summarize that thread, there are a few ways to trigger cleanup logic
in `flutter run -d chrome`. For example, pressing `q` will close Chrome,
but Chrome closing triggers cleanup logic in the resident runner (which
includes trying to close Chrome, which is redundant).

A simple way to fix this is to not call `Chrome.close` in
`ChromiumDevice.stopApp` when we've already called it once. This
solution isn't ideal—consider a scenario where two calls to `stopApp`
are made concurrently. The second one would probably complete before the
browser is actually closed. However, I don't foresee anything ever
depending on `stopApp` finishing implying that the browser is closed.

I feel like there might be a yak to shave here (`ResidentWebRunner`
could keep track of its state and not initiate redundant cleanup
operations), but I am not sure its worth the continued effort.

<details>

<summary> Pre-launch checklist </summary> 


- [x] I read the [Contributor Guide] and followed the process outlined
there for submitting PRs.
- [x] I read the [Tree Hygiene] wiki page, which explains my
responsibilities.
- [x] I read and followed the [Flutter Style Guide], including [Features
we expect every widget to implement].
- [x] I signed the [CLA].
- [x] I listed at least one issue that this PR fixes in the description
above.
- [x] I updated/added relevant documentation (doc comments with `///`).
- [x] I added new tests to check the change I am making, or this PR is
[test-exempt].
- [x] I followed the [breaking change policy] and added [Data Driven
Fixes] where supported.
- [x] All existing and new tests are passing.

</details>

<!-- Links -->
[Contributor Guide]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md#overview
[Tree Hygiene]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md
[test-exempt]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md#tests
[Flutter Style Guide]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Style-guide-for-Flutter-repo.md
[Features we expect every widget to implement]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Style-guide-for-Flutter-repo.md#features-we-expect-every-widget-to-implement
[CLA]: https://cla.developers.google.com/
[flutter/tests]: https://github.com/flutter/tests
[breaking change policy]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Tree-hygiene.md#handling-breaking-changes
[Discord]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Chat.md
[Data Driven Fixes]:
https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/docs/contributing/Data-driven-Fixes.md
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  22. TESTOWNERS
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