Catch failure to create directory in cache (#37871)

packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/cache.dart

diff --git a/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/cache.dart b/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/cache.dart
index 68fd2ad..ae0a4e9 100644
--- a/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/cache.dart
+++ b/packages/flutter_tools/lib/src/cache.dart
@@ -398,7 +398,15 @@
       return;
     }
     if (!location.existsSync()) {
-      location.createSync(recursive: true);
+      try {
+        location.createSync(recursive: true);
+      } on FileSystemException catch (err) {
+        printError(err.toString());
+        throwToolExit(
+          'Failed to create directory for flutter cache at ${location.path}. '
+          'Flutter may be missing permissions in its cache directory.'
+        );
+      }
     }
     await updateInner();
     cache.setStampFor(stampName, version);

packages/flutter_tools/test/general.shard/cache_test.dart

diff --git a/packages/flutter_tools/test/general.shard/cache_test.dart b/packages/flutter_tools/test/general.shard/cache_test.dart
index f4a8ef4..aa9d940 100644
--- a/packages/flutter_tools/test/general.shard/cache_test.dart
+++ b/packages/flutter_tools/test/general.shard/cache_test.dart
@@ -243,6 +243,27 @@
       Platform: () => fakePlatform,
     });
   });
+
+  testUsingContext('throws tool exit on fs exception', () async {
+    final FakeCachedArtifact fakeCachedArtifact = FakeCachedArtifact(
+      cache: MockCache(),
+      requiredArtifacts: <DevelopmentArtifact>{
+        DevelopmentArtifact.android,
+      }
+    );
+    final Directory mockDirectory = MockDirectory();
+    when(fakeCachedArtifact.cache.getArtifactDirectory(any))
+        .thenReturn(mockDirectory);
+    when(mockDirectory.existsSync()).thenReturn(false);
+    when(mockDirectory.createSync(recursive: true))
+        .thenThrow(const FileSystemException());
+
+    expect(() => fakeCachedArtifact.update(<DevelopmentArtifact>{
+        DevelopmentArtifact.android,
+    }), throwsA(isInstanceOf<ToolExit>()));
+  }, overrides: <Type, Generator>{
+    FileSystem: () => MemoryFileSystem(),
+  });
 }
 
 class FakeCachedArtifact extends EngineCachedArtifact {
@@ -271,6 +292,7 @@
 
 class MockFileSystem extends Mock implements FileSystem {}
 class MockFile extends Mock implements File {}
+class MockDirectory extends Mock implements Directory {}
 
 class MockRandomAccessFile extends Mock implements RandomAccessFile {}
 class MockCachedArtifact extends Mock implements CachedArtifact {}