[local_auth] Migrate iOS to Pigeon (#3974)

Updates the platform communication to use Pigeon. This includes some changes to the API boundary:
- Collected authentication options into an options object; this avoids having a lot of positional boolean arguments (since Pigeon doesn't currently support named arguments).
- Collected strings into a strings object, since having them as individual parameters would have been extremely messy.
- Changes the `authenticate` return from a bool+exceptions to an enum that encompasses all of the explicitly known failure modes. To avoid a breaking change for clients, the Dart code creates `PlatformException`s that match the old ones, but this will make it much easier to someday make a (cross-platform) breaking change to replace them with better errors per the best practices we have documented on the wiki. Using an enum rather than throwing errors avoids the need to do string matching when we want to eventually translate them into something other than `PlatformException`.

The Pigeon file, Dart implementation, and rewritten tests are all based very heavily on the recent Android migration: https://github.com/flutter/packages/pull/3748

I noted several bugs that I noticed in the existing implementation during the migration. I intentionally didn't fix them so this isn't changing behavior at the same time that it's changing so much of the code and tests, but I marked them with TODO comments.

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/117912
14 files changed
tree: 0f75a0ae6a663ce37f50e06cea9fd85e81fd25d7
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. packages/
  4. script/
  5. third_party/
  6. .ci.yaml
  7. .cirrus.yml
  8. .clang-format
  9. .gitattributes
  10. .gitignore
  11. .gitmodules
  12. .metadata
  13. analysis_options.yaml
  14. AUTHORS
  15. CODEOWNERS
  16. CONTRIBUTING.md
  17. customer_testing.bat
  18. customer_testing.sh
  19. LICENSE
  20. README.md
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