/*
 * Copyright © 2012,2013  Mozilla Foundation.
 * Copyright © 2012,2013  Google, Inc.
 *
 *  This is part of HarfBuzz, a text shaping library.
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without
 * license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
 * software and its documentation for any purpose, provided that the
 * above copyright notice and the following two paragraphs appear in
 * all copies of this software.
 *
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
 * DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN
 * IF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
 * DAMAGE.
 *
 * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS
 * ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER HAS NO OBLIGATION TO
 * PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
 *
 * Mozilla Author(s): Jonathan Kew
 * Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod
 */

#include "hb.hh"
#include "hb-shaper-impl.hh"

#include "hb-coretext.h"
#include "hb-aat-layout.hh"
#include <math.h>


/**
 * SECTION:hb-coretext
 * @title: hb-coretext
 * @short_description: CoreText integration
 * @include: hb-coretext.h
 *
 * Functions for using HarfBuzz with the CoreText fonts.
 **/

/* https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coretext/1508745-ctfontcreatewithgraphicsfont */
#define HB_CORETEXT_DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE 12.f

static CGFloat
coretext_font_size_from_ptem (float ptem)
{
  /* CoreText points are CSS pixels (96 per inch),
   * NOT typographic points (72 per inch).
   *
   * https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/GraphicsAnimation/Conceptual/HighResolutionOSX/Explained/Explained.html
   */
  ptem *= 96.f / 72.f;
  return (CGFloat) (ptem <= 0.f ? HB_CORETEXT_DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE : ptem);
}
static float
coretext_font_size_to_ptem (CGFloat size)
{
  size *= 72. / 96.;
  return size <= 0 ? 0 : size;
}

static void
release_table_data (void *user_data)
{
  CFDataRef cf_data = reinterpret_cast<CFDataRef> (user_data);
  CFRelease(cf_data);
}

static hb_blob_t *
reference_table  (hb_face_t *face HB_UNUSED, hb_tag_t tag, void *user_data)
{
  CGFontRef cg_font = reinterpret_cast<CGFontRef> (user_data);
  CFDataRef cf_data = CGFontCopyTableForTag (cg_font, tag);
  if (unlikely (!cf_data))
    return nullptr;

  const char *data = reinterpret_cast<const char*> (CFDataGetBytePtr (cf_data));
  const size_t length = CFDataGetLength (cf_data);
  if (!data || !length)
  {
    CFRelease (cf_data);
    return nullptr;
  }

  return hb_blob_create (data, length, HB_MEMORY_MODE_READONLY,
			 reinterpret_cast<void *> (const_cast<__CFData *> (cf_data)),
			 release_table_data);
}

static void
_hb_cg_font_release (void *data)
{
  CGFontRelease ((CGFontRef) data);
}


static CTFontDescriptorRef
get_last_resort_font_desc ()
{
  // TODO Handle allocation failures?
  CTFontDescriptorRef last_resort = CTFontDescriptorCreateWithNameAndSize (CFSTR("LastResort"), 0);
  CFArrayRef cascade_list = CFArrayCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault,
					   (const void **) &last_resort,
					   1,
					   &kCFTypeArrayCallBacks);
  CFRelease (last_resort);
  CFDictionaryRef attributes = CFDictionaryCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault,
						   (const void **) &kCTFontCascadeListAttribute,
						   (const void **) &cascade_list,
						   1,
						   &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
						   &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
  CFRelease (cascade_list);

  CTFontDescriptorRef font_desc = CTFontDescriptorCreateWithAttributes (attributes);
  CFRelease (attributes);
  return font_desc;
}

static void
release_data (void *info, const void *data, size_t size)
{
  assert (hb_blob_get_length ((hb_blob_t *) info) == size &&
          hb_blob_get_data ((hb_blob_t *) info, nullptr) == data);

  hb_blob_destroy ((hb_blob_t *) info);
}

static CGFontRef
create_cg_font (hb_face_t *face)
{
  CGFontRef cg_font = nullptr;
  if (face->destroy == _hb_cg_font_release)
  {
    cg_font = CGFontRetain ((CGFontRef) face->user_data);
  }
  else
  {
    hb_blob_t *blob = hb_face_reference_blob (face);
    unsigned int blob_length;
    const char *blob_data = hb_blob_get_data (blob, &blob_length);
    if (unlikely (!blob_length))
      DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, face, "Face has empty blob");

    CGDataProviderRef provider = CGDataProviderCreateWithData (blob, blob_data, blob_length, &release_data);
    if (likely (provider))
    {
      cg_font = CGFontCreateWithDataProvider (provider);
      if (unlikely (!cg_font))
	DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, face, "Face CGFontCreateWithDataProvider() failed");
      CGDataProviderRelease (provider);
    }
  }
  return cg_font;
}

static CTFontRef
create_ct_font (CGFontRef cg_font, CGFloat font_size)
{
  CTFontRef ct_font = nullptr;

  /* CoreText does not enable trak table usage / tracking when creating a CTFont
   * using CTFontCreateWithGraphicsFont. The only way of enabling tracking seems
   * to be through the CTFontCreateUIFontForLanguage call. */
  CFStringRef cg_postscript_name = CGFontCopyPostScriptName (cg_font);
  if (CFStringHasPrefix (cg_postscript_name, CFSTR (".SFNSText")) ||
      CFStringHasPrefix (cg_postscript_name, CFSTR (".SFNSDisplay")))
  {
#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 1080
# define kCTFontUIFontSystem kCTFontSystemFontType
# define kCTFontUIFontEmphasizedSystem kCTFontEmphasizedSystemFontType
#endif
    CTFontUIFontType font_type = kCTFontUIFontSystem;
    if (CFStringHasSuffix (cg_postscript_name, CFSTR ("-Bold")))
      font_type = kCTFontUIFontEmphasizedSystem;

    ct_font = CTFontCreateUIFontForLanguage (font_type, font_size, nullptr);
    CFStringRef ct_result_name = CTFontCopyPostScriptName(ct_font);
    if (CFStringCompare (ct_result_name, cg_postscript_name, 0) != kCFCompareEqualTo)
    {
      CFRelease(ct_font);
      ct_font = nullptr;
    }
    CFRelease (ct_result_name);
  }
  CFRelease (cg_postscript_name);

  if (!ct_font)
    ct_font = CTFontCreateWithGraphicsFont (cg_font, font_size, nullptr, nullptr);

  if (unlikely (!ct_font)) {
    DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, cg_font, "Font CTFontCreateWithGraphicsFont() failed");
    return nullptr;
  }

  /* crbug.com/576941 and crbug.com/625902 and the investigation in the latter
   * bug indicate that the cascade list reconfiguration occasionally causes
   * crashes in CoreText on OS X 10.9, thus let's skip this step on older
   * operating system versions. Except for the emoji font, where _not_
   * reconfiguring the cascade list causes CoreText crashes. For details, see
   * crbug.com/549610 */
  // 0x00070000 stands for "kCTVersionNumber10_10", see CoreText.h
  if (&CTGetCoreTextVersion != nullptr && CTGetCoreTextVersion() < 0x00070000) {
    CFStringRef fontName = CTFontCopyPostScriptName (ct_font);
    bool isEmojiFont = CFStringCompare (fontName, CFSTR("AppleColorEmoji"), 0) == kCFCompareEqualTo;
    CFRelease (fontName);
    if (!isEmojiFont)
      return ct_font;
  }

  CFURLRef original_url = nullptr;
#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 1060
  ATSFontRef atsFont;
  FSRef fsref;
  OSStatus status;
  atsFont = CTFontGetPlatformFont (ct_font, NULL);
  status = ATSFontGetFileReference (atsFont, &fsref);
  if (status == noErr)
    original_url = CFURLCreateFromFSRef (NULL, &fsref);
#else
  original_url = (CFURLRef) CTFontCopyAttribute (ct_font, kCTFontURLAttribute);
#endif

  /* Create font copy with cascade list that has LastResort first; this speeds up CoreText
   * font fallback which we don't need anyway. */
  {
    CTFontDescriptorRef last_resort_font_desc = get_last_resort_font_desc ();
    CTFontRef new_ct_font = CTFontCreateCopyWithAttributes (ct_font, 0.0, nullptr, last_resort_font_desc);
    CFRelease (last_resort_font_desc);
    if (new_ct_font)
    {
      /* The CTFontCreateCopyWithAttributes call fails to stay on the same font
       * when reconfiguring the cascade list and may switch to a different font
       * when there are fonts that go by the same name, since the descriptor is
       * just name and size.
       *
       * Avoid reconfiguring the cascade lists if the new font is outside the
       * system locations that we cannot access from the sandboxed renderer
       * process in Blink. This can be detected by the new file URL location
       * that the newly found font points to. */
      CFURLRef new_url = nullptr;
#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 1060
      atsFont = CTFontGetPlatformFont (new_ct_font, NULL);
      status = ATSFontGetFileReference (atsFont, &fsref);
      if (status == noErr)
        new_url = CFURLCreateFromFSRef (NULL, &fsref);
#else
      new_url = (CFURLRef) CTFontCopyAttribute (new_ct_font, kCTFontURLAttribute);
#endif
      // Keep reconfigured font if URL cannot be retrieved (seems to be the case
      // on Mac OS 10.12 Sierra), speculative fix for crbug.com/625606
      if (!original_url || !new_url || CFEqual (original_url, new_url)) {
        CFRelease (ct_font);
        ct_font = new_ct_font;
      } else {
        CFRelease (new_ct_font);
        DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, ct_font, "Discarding reconfigured CTFont, location changed.");
      }
      if (new_url)
        CFRelease (new_url);
    }
    else
      DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, ct_font, "Font copy with empty cascade list failed");
  }

  if (original_url)
    CFRelease (original_url);
  return ct_font;
}

hb_coretext_face_data_t *
_hb_coretext_shaper_face_data_create (hb_face_t *face)
{
  CGFontRef cg_font = create_cg_font (face);

  if (unlikely (!cg_font))
  {
    DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, face, "CGFont creation failed..");
    return nullptr;
  }

  return (hb_coretext_face_data_t *) cg_font;
}

void
_hb_coretext_shaper_face_data_destroy (hb_coretext_face_data_t *data)
{
  CFRelease ((CGFontRef) data);
}

hb_face_t *
hb_coretext_face_create (CGFontRef cg_font)
{
  return hb_face_create_for_tables (reference_table, CGFontRetain (cg_font), _hb_cg_font_release);
}

/*
 * Since: 0.9.10
 */
CGFontRef
hb_coretext_face_get_cg_font (hb_face_t *face)
{
  return (CGFontRef) (const void *) face->data.coretext;
}


hb_coretext_font_data_t *
_hb_coretext_shaper_font_data_create (hb_font_t *font)
{
  hb_face_t *face = font->face;
  const hb_coretext_face_data_t *face_data = face->data.coretext;
  if (unlikely (!face_data)) return nullptr;
  CGFontRef cg_font = (CGFontRef) (const void *) face->data.coretext;

  CTFontRef ct_font = create_ct_font (cg_font, coretext_font_size_from_ptem (font->ptem));

  if (unlikely (!ct_font))
  {
    DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, font, "CGFont creation failed..");
    return nullptr;
  }

  return (hb_coretext_font_data_t *) ct_font;
}

void
_hb_coretext_shaper_font_data_destroy (hb_coretext_font_data_t *data)
{
  CFRelease ((CTFontRef) data);
}

static const hb_coretext_font_data_t *
hb_coretext_font_data_sync (hb_font_t *font)
{
retry:
  const hb_coretext_font_data_t *data = font->data.coretext;
  if (unlikely (!data)) return nullptr;

  if (fabs (CTFontGetSize((CTFontRef) data) - coretext_font_size_from_ptem (font->ptem)) > .5)
  {
    /* XXX-MT-bug
     * Note that evaluating condition above can be dangerous if another thread
     * got here first and destructed data.  That's, as always, bad use pattern.
     * If you modify the font (change font size), other threads must not be
     * using it at the same time.  However, since this check is delayed to
     * when one actually tries to shape something, this is a XXX race condition
     * (and the only one we have that I know of) right now.  Ie. you modify the
     * font size in one thread, then (supposedly safely) try to use it from two
     * or more threads and BOOM!  I'm not sure how to fix this.  We want RCU.
     */

    /* Drop and recreate. */
    /* If someone dropped it in the mean time, throw it away and don't touch it.
     * Otherwise, destruct it. */
    if (likely (font->data.coretext.cmpexch (const_cast<hb_coretext_font_data_t *> (data), nullptr)))
      _hb_coretext_shaper_font_data_destroy (const_cast<hb_coretext_font_data_t *> (data));
    else
      goto retry;
  }
  return font->data.coretext;
}


/*
 * Since: 1.7.2
 */
hb_font_t *
hb_coretext_font_create (CTFontRef ct_font)
{
  CGFontRef cg_font = CTFontCopyGraphicsFont (ct_font, nullptr);
  hb_face_t *face = hb_coretext_face_create (cg_font);
  CFRelease (cg_font);
  hb_font_t *font = hb_font_create (face);
  hb_face_destroy (face);

  if (unlikely (hb_object_is_immutable (font)))
    return font;

  hb_font_set_ptem (font, coretext_font_size_to_ptem (CTFontGetSize(ct_font)));

  /* Let there be dragons here... */
  font->data.coretext.cmpexch (nullptr, (hb_coretext_font_data_t *) CFRetain (ct_font));

  return font;
}

CTFontRef
hb_coretext_font_get_ct_font (hb_font_t *font)
{
  const hb_coretext_font_data_t *data = hb_coretext_font_data_sync (font);
  return data ? (CTFontRef) data : nullptr;
}


/*
 * shaper
 */

struct feature_record_t {
  unsigned int feature;
  unsigned int setting;
};

struct active_feature_t {
  feature_record_t rec;
  unsigned int order;

  HB_INTERNAL static int cmp (const void *pa, const void *pb) {
    const active_feature_t *a = (const active_feature_t *) pa;
    const active_feature_t *b = (const active_feature_t *) pb;
    return a->rec.feature < b->rec.feature ? -1 : a->rec.feature > b->rec.feature ? 1 :
	   a->order < b->order ? -1 : a->order > b->order ? 1 :
	   a->rec.setting < b->rec.setting ? -1 : a->rec.setting > b->rec.setting ? 1 :
	   0;
  }
  bool operator== (const active_feature_t *f) {
    return cmp (this, f) == 0;
  }
};

struct feature_event_t {
  unsigned int index;
  bool start;
  active_feature_t feature;

  HB_INTERNAL static int cmp (const void *pa, const void *pb) {
    const feature_event_t *a = (const feature_event_t *) pa;
    const feature_event_t *b = (const feature_event_t *) pb;
    return a->index < b->index ? -1 : a->index > b->index ? 1 :
	   a->start < b->start ? -1 : a->start > b->start ? 1 :
	   active_feature_t::cmp (&a->feature, &b->feature);
  }
};

struct range_record_t {
  CTFontRef font;
  unsigned int index_first; /* == start */
  unsigned int index_last;  /* == end - 1 */
};


hb_bool_t
_hb_coretext_shape (hb_shape_plan_t    *shape_plan,
		    hb_font_t          *font,
                    hb_buffer_t        *buffer,
                    const hb_feature_t *features,
                    unsigned int        num_features)
{
  hb_face_t *face = font->face;
  CGFontRef cg_font = (CGFontRef) (const void *) face->data.coretext;
  CTFontRef ct_font = (CTFontRef) hb_coretext_font_data_sync (font);

  CGFloat ct_font_size = CTFontGetSize (ct_font);
  CGFloat x_mult = (CGFloat) font->x_scale / ct_font_size;
  CGFloat y_mult = (CGFloat) font->y_scale / ct_font_size;

  /* Attach marks to their bases, to match the 'ot' shaper.
   * Adapted from a very old version of hb-ot-shape:hb_form_clusters().
   * Note that this only makes us be closer to the 'ot' shaper,
   * but by no means the same.  For example, if there's
   * B1 M1 B2 M2, and B1-B2 form a ligature, M2's cluster will
   * continue pointing to B2 even though B2 was merged into B1's
   * cluster... */
  if (buffer->cluster_level == HB_BUFFER_CLUSTER_LEVEL_MONOTONE_GRAPHEMES)
  {
    hb_unicode_funcs_t *unicode = buffer->unicode;
    unsigned int count = buffer->len;
    hb_glyph_info_t *info = buffer->info;
    for (unsigned int i = 1; i < count; i++)
      if (HB_UNICODE_GENERAL_CATEGORY_IS_MARK (unicode->general_category (info[i].codepoint)))
	buffer->merge_clusters (i - 1, i + 1);
  }

  hb_vector_t<feature_record_t> feature_records;
  hb_vector_t<range_record_t> range_records;

  /*
   * Set up features.
   * (copied + modified from code from hb-uniscribe.cc)
   */
  if (num_features)
  {
    /* Sort features by start/end events. */
    hb_vector_t<feature_event_t> feature_events;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_features; i++)
    {
      const hb_aat_feature_mapping_t * mapping = hb_aat_layout_find_feature_mapping (features[i].tag);
      if (!mapping)
        continue;

      active_feature_t feature;
      feature.rec.feature = mapping->aatFeatureType;
      feature.rec.setting = features[i].value ? mapping->selectorToEnable : mapping->selectorToDisable;
      feature.order = i;

      feature_event_t *event;

      event = feature_events.push ();
      event->index = features[i].start;
      event->start = true;
      event->feature = feature;

      event = feature_events.push ();
      event->index = features[i].end;
      event->start = false;
      event->feature = feature;
    }
    feature_events.qsort ();
    /* Add a strategic final event. */
    {
      active_feature_t feature;
      feature.rec.feature = HB_TAG_NONE;
      feature.rec.setting = 0;
      feature.order = num_features + 1;

      feature_event_t *event = feature_events.push ();
      event->index = 0; /* This value does magic. */
      event->start = false;
      event->feature = feature;
    }

    /* Scan events and save features for each range. */
    hb_vector_t<active_feature_t> active_features;
    unsigned int last_index = 0;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < feature_events.length; i++)
    {
      feature_event_t *event = &feature_events[i];

      if (event->index != last_index)
      {
        /* Save a snapshot of active features and the range. */
	range_record_t *range = range_records.push ();

	if (active_features.length)
	{
	  CFMutableArrayRef features_array = CFArrayCreateMutable(kCFAllocatorDefault, 0, &kCFTypeArrayCallBacks);

	  /* TODO sort and resolve conflicting features? */
	  /* active_features.qsort (); */
	  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < active_features.length; j++)
	  {
	    CFStringRef keys[] = {
	      kCTFontFeatureTypeIdentifierKey,
	      kCTFontFeatureSelectorIdentifierKey
	    };
	    CFNumberRef values[] = {
	      CFNumberCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberIntType, &active_features[j].rec.feature),
	      CFNumberCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberIntType, &active_features[j].rec.setting)
	    };
	    static_assert ((ARRAY_LENGTH_CONST (keys) == ARRAY_LENGTH_CONST (values)), "");
	    CFDictionaryRef dict = CFDictionaryCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault,
						       (const void **) keys,
						       (const void **) values,
						       ARRAY_LENGTH (keys),
						       &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
						       &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
	    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH (values); i++)
	      CFRelease (values[i]);

	    CFArrayAppendValue (features_array, dict);
	    CFRelease (dict);

	  }

	  CFDictionaryRef attributes = CFDictionaryCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault,
							   (const void **) &kCTFontFeatureSettingsAttribute,
							   (const void **) &features_array,
							   1,
							   &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
							   &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
	  CFRelease (features_array);

	  CTFontDescriptorRef font_desc = CTFontDescriptorCreateWithAttributes (attributes);
	  CFRelease (attributes);

	  range->font = CTFontCreateCopyWithAttributes (ct_font, 0.0, nullptr, font_desc);
	  CFRelease (font_desc);
	}
	else
	{
	  range->font = nullptr;
	}

	range->index_first = last_index;
	range->index_last  = event->index - 1;

	last_index = event->index;
      }

      if (event->start)
      {
        active_features.push (event->feature);
      } else {
        active_feature_t *feature = active_features.find (&event->feature);
	if (feature)
	  active_features.remove (feature - active_features.arrayZ ());
      }
    }
  }

  unsigned int scratch_size;
  hb_buffer_t::scratch_buffer_t *scratch = buffer->get_scratch_buffer (&scratch_size);

#define ALLOCATE_ARRAY(Type, name, len, on_no_room) \
  Type *name = (Type *) scratch; \
  { \
    unsigned int _consumed = DIV_CEIL ((len) * sizeof (Type), sizeof (*scratch)); \
    if (unlikely (_consumed > scratch_size)) \
    { \
      on_no_room; \
      assert (0); \
    } \
    scratch += _consumed; \
    scratch_size -= _consumed; \
  }

  ALLOCATE_ARRAY (UniChar, pchars, buffer->len * 2, /*nothing*/);
  unsigned int chars_len = 0;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < buffer->len; i++) {
    hb_codepoint_t c = buffer->info[i].codepoint;
    if (likely (c <= 0xFFFFu))
      pchars[chars_len++] = c;
    else if (unlikely (c > 0x10FFFFu))
      pchars[chars_len++] = 0xFFFDu;
    else {
      pchars[chars_len++] = 0xD800u + ((c - 0x10000u) >> 10);
      pchars[chars_len++] = 0xDC00u + ((c - 0x10000u) & ((1u << 10) - 1));
    }
  }

  ALLOCATE_ARRAY (unsigned int, log_clusters, chars_len, /*nothing*/);
  chars_len = 0;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < buffer->len; i++)
  {
    hb_codepoint_t c = buffer->info[i].codepoint;
    unsigned int cluster = buffer->info[i].cluster;
    log_clusters[chars_len++] = cluster;
    if (hb_in_range (c, 0x10000u, 0x10FFFFu))
      log_clusters[chars_len++] = cluster; /* Surrogates. */
  }

#define FAIL(...) \
  HB_STMT_START { \
    DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, nullptr, __VA_ARGS__); \
    ret = false; \
    goto fail; \
  } HB_STMT_END;

  bool ret = true;
  CFStringRef string_ref = nullptr;
  CTLineRef line = nullptr;

  if (false)
  {
resize_and_retry:
    DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, buffer, "Buffer resize");
    /* string_ref uses the scratch-buffer for backing store, and line references
     * string_ref (via attr_string).  We must release those before resizing buffer. */
    assert (string_ref);
    assert (line);
    CFRelease (string_ref);
    CFRelease (line);
    string_ref = nullptr;
    line = nullptr;

    /* Get previous start-of-scratch-area, that we use later for readjusting
     * our existing scratch arrays. */
    unsigned int old_scratch_used;
    hb_buffer_t::scratch_buffer_t *old_scratch;
    old_scratch = buffer->get_scratch_buffer (&old_scratch_used);
    old_scratch_used = scratch - old_scratch;

    if (unlikely (!buffer->ensure (buffer->allocated * 2)))
      FAIL ("Buffer resize failed");

    /* Adjust scratch, pchars, and log_cluster arrays.  This is ugly, but really the
     * cleanest way to do without completely restructuring the rest of this shaper. */
    scratch = buffer->get_scratch_buffer (&scratch_size);
    pchars = reinterpret_cast<UniChar *> (((char *) scratch + ((char *) pchars - (char *) old_scratch)));
    log_clusters = reinterpret_cast<unsigned int *> (((char *) scratch + ((char *) log_clusters - (char *) old_scratch)));
    scratch += old_scratch_used;
    scratch_size -= old_scratch_used;
  }
  {
    string_ref = CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy (nullptr,
						     pchars, chars_len,
						     kCFAllocatorNull);
    if (unlikely (!string_ref))
      FAIL ("CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy failed");

    /* Create an attributed string, populate it, and create a line from it, then release attributed string. */
    {
      CFMutableAttributedStringRef attr_string = CFAttributedStringCreateMutable (kCFAllocatorDefault,
										  chars_len);
      if (unlikely (!attr_string))
	FAIL ("CFAttributedStringCreateMutable failed");
      CFAttributedStringReplaceString (attr_string, CFRangeMake (0, 0), string_ref);
      if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_VERTICAL (buffer->props.direction))
      {
	CFAttributedStringSetAttribute (attr_string, CFRangeMake (0, chars_len),
					kCTVerticalFormsAttributeName, kCFBooleanTrue);
      }

      if (buffer->props.language)
      {
/* What's the iOS equivalent of this check?
 * The symbols was introduced in iOS 7.0.
 * At any rate, our fallback is safe and works fine. */
#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 1090
#  define kCTLanguageAttributeName CFSTR ("NSLanguage")
#endif
        CFStringRef lang = CFStringCreateWithCStringNoCopy (kCFAllocatorDefault,
							    hb_language_to_string (buffer->props.language),
							    kCFStringEncodingUTF8,
							    kCFAllocatorNull);
	if (unlikely (!lang))
        {
	  CFRelease (attr_string);
	  FAIL ("CFStringCreateWithCStringNoCopy failed");
        }
	CFAttributedStringSetAttribute (attr_string, CFRangeMake (0, chars_len),
					kCTLanguageAttributeName, lang);
	CFRelease (lang);
      }
      CFAttributedStringSetAttribute (attr_string, CFRangeMake (0, chars_len),
				      kCTFontAttributeName, ct_font);

      if (num_features && range_records.length)
      {
	unsigned int start = 0;
	range_record_t *last_range = &range_records[0];
	for (unsigned int k = 0; k < chars_len; k++)
	{
	  range_record_t *range = last_range;
	  while (log_clusters[k] < range->index_first)
	    range--;
	  while (log_clusters[k] > range->index_last)
	    range++;
	  if (range != last_range)
	  {
	    if (last_range->font)
	      CFAttributedStringSetAttribute (attr_string, CFRangeMake (start, k - start),
					      kCTFontAttributeName, last_range->font);

	    start = k;
	  }

	  last_range = range;
	}
	if (start != chars_len && last_range->font)
	  CFAttributedStringSetAttribute (attr_string, CFRangeMake (start, chars_len - start),
					  kCTFontAttributeName, last_range->font);
      }
      /* Enable/disable kern if requested.
       *
       * Note: once kern is disabled, reenabling it doesn't currently seem to work in CoreText.
       */
      if (num_features)
      {
	unsigned int zeroint = 0;
	CFNumberRef zero = CFNumberCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberIntType, &zeroint);
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_features; i++)
	{
	  const hb_feature_t &feature = features[i];
	  if (feature.tag == HB_TAG('k','e','r','n') &&
	      feature.start < chars_len && feature.start < feature.end)
	  {
	    CFRange feature_range = CFRangeMake (feature.start,
	                                         hb_min (feature.end, chars_len) - feature.start);
	    if (feature.value)
	      CFAttributedStringRemoveAttribute (attr_string, feature_range, kCTKernAttributeName);
	    else
	      CFAttributedStringSetAttribute (attr_string, feature_range, kCTKernAttributeName, zero);
	  }
	}
	CFRelease (zero);
      }

      int level = HB_DIRECTION_IS_FORWARD (buffer->props.direction) ? 0 : 1;
      CFNumberRef level_number = CFNumberCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFNumberIntType, &level);
#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 1060
      extern const CFStringRef kCTTypesetterOptionForcedEmbeddingLevel;
#endif
      CFDictionaryRef options = CFDictionaryCreate (kCFAllocatorDefault,
						    (const void **) &kCTTypesetterOptionForcedEmbeddingLevel,
						    (const void **) &level_number,
						    1,
						    &kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
						    &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
      CFRelease (level_number);
      if (unlikely (!options))
      {
        CFRelease (attr_string);
        FAIL ("CFDictionaryCreate failed");
      }

      CTTypesetterRef typesetter = CTTypesetterCreateWithAttributedStringAndOptions (attr_string, options);
      CFRelease (options);
      CFRelease (attr_string);
      if (unlikely (!typesetter))
	FAIL ("CTTypesetterCreateWithAttributedStringAndOptions failed");

      line = CTTypesetterCreateLine (typesetter, CFRangeMake(0, 0));
      CFRelease (typesetter);
      if (unlikely (!line))
	FAIL ("CTTypesetterCreateLine failed");
    }

    CFArrayRef glyph_runs = CTLineGetGlyphRuns (line);
    unsigned int num_runs = CFArrayGetCount (glyph_runs);
    DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, nullptr, "Num runs: %d", num_runs);

    buffer->len = 0;
    uint32_t status_and = ~0, status_or = 0;
    double advances_so_far = 0;
    /* For right-to-left runs, CoreText returns the glyphs positioned such that
     * any trailing whitespace is to the left of (0,0).  Adjust coordinate system
     * to fix for that.  Test with any RTL string with trailing spaces.
     * https://crbug.com/469028
     */
    if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_BACKWARD (buffer->props.direction))
    {
      advances_so_far -= CTLineGetTrailingWhitespaceWidth (line);
      if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_VERTICAL (buffer->props.direction))
	  advances_so_far = -advances_so_far;
    }

    const CFRange range_all = CFRangeMake (0, 0);

    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_runs; i++)
    {
      CTRunRef run = static_cast<CTRunRef>(CFArrayGetValueAtIndex (glyph_runs, i));
      CTRunStatus run_status = CTRunGetStatus (run);
      status_or  |= run_status;
      status_and &= run_status;
      DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, run, "CTRunStatus: %x", run_status);
      double run_advance = CTRunGetTypographicBounds (run, range_all, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
      if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_VERTICAL (buffer->props.direction))
	  run_advance = -run_advance;
      DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, run, "Run advance: %g", run_advance);

      /* CoreText does automatic font fallback (AKA "cascading") for  characters
       * not supported by the requested font, and provides no way to turn it off,
       * so we must detect if the returned run uses a font other than the requested
       * one and fill in the buffer with .notdef glyphs instead of random glyph
       * indices from a different font.
       */
      CFDictionaryRef attributes = CTRunGetAttributes (run);
      CTFontRef run_ct_font = static_cast<CTFontRef>(CFDictionaryGetValue (attributes, kCTFontAttributeName));
      if (!CFEqual (run_ct_font, ct_font))
      {
	/* The run doesn't use our main font instance.  We have to figure out
	 * whether font fallback happened, or this is just CoreText giving us
	 * another CTFont using the same underlying CGFont.  CoreText seems
	 * to do that in a variety of situations, one of which being vertical
	 * text, but also perhaps for caching reasons.
	 *
	 * First, see if it uses any of our subfonts created to set font features...
	 *
	 * Next, compare the CGFont to the one we used to create our fonts.
	 * Even this doesn't work all the time.
	 *
	 * Finally, we compare PS names, which I don't think are unique...
	 *
	 * Looks like if we really want to be sure here we have to modify the
	 * font to change the name table, similar to what we do in the uniscribe
	 * backend.
	 *
	 * However, even that wouldn't work if we were passed in the CGFont to
	 * construct a hb_face to begin with.
	 *
	 * See: https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/pull/36
	 *
	 * Also see: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=597098
	 */
	bool matched = false;
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < range_records.length; i++)
	  if (range_records[i].font && CFEqual (run_ct_font, range_records[i].font))
	  {
	    matched = true;
	    break;
	  }
	if (!matched)
	{
	  CGFontRef run_cg_font = CTFontCopyGraphicsFont (run_ct_font, nullptr);
	  if (run_cg_font)
	  {
	    matched = CFEqual (run_cg_font, cg_font);
	    CFRelease (run_cg_font);
	  }
	}
	if (!matched)
	{
	  CFStringRef font_ps_name = CTFontCopyName (ct_font, kCTFontPostScriptNameKey);
	  CFStringRef run_ps_name = CTFontCopyName (run_ct_font, kCTFontPostScriptNameKey);
	  CFComparisonResult result = CFStringCompare (run_ps_name, font_ps_name, 0);
	  CFRelease (run_ps_name);
	  CFRelease (font_ps_name);
	  if (result == kCFCompareEqualTo)
	    matched = true;
	}
	if (!matched)
	{
	  CFRange range = CTRunGetStringRange (run);
          DEBUG_MSG (CORETEXT, run, "Run used fallback font: %ld..%ld",
		     range.location, range.location + range.length);
	  if (!buffer->ensure_inplace (buffer->len + range.length))
	    goto resize_and_retry;
	  hb_glyph_info_t *info = buffer->info + buffer->len;

	  hb_codepoint_t notdef = 0;
	  hb_direction_t dir = buffer->props.direction;
	  hb_position_t x_advance, y_advance, x_offset, y_offset;
	  hb_font_get_glyph_advance_for_direction (font, notdef, dir, &x_advance, &y_advance);
	  hb_font_get_glyph_origin_for_direction (font, notdef, dir, &x_offset, &y_offset);
	  hb_position_t advance = x_advance + y_advance;
	  x_offset = -x_offset;
	  y_offset = -y_offset;

	  unsigned int old_len = buffer->len;
	  for (CFIndex j = range.location; j < range.location + range.length; j++)
	  {
	      UniChar ch = CFStringGetCharacterAtIndex (string_ref, j);
	      if (hb_in_range<UniChar> (ch, 0xDC00u, 0xDFFFu) && range.location < j)
	      {
		ch = CFStringGetCharacterAtIndex (string_ref, j - 1);
		if (hb_in_range<UniChar> (ch, 0xD800u, 0xDBFFu))
		  /* This is the second of a surrogate pair.  Don't need .notdef
		   * for this one. */
		  continue;
	      }
	      if (buffer->unicode->is_default_ignorable (ch))
	        continue;

	      info->codepoint = notdef;
	      info->cluster = log_clusters[j];

	      info->mask = advance;
	      info->var1.i32 = x_offset;
	      info->var2.i32 = y_offset;

	      info++;
	      buffer->len++;
	  }
	  if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_BACKWARD (buffer->props.direction))
	    buffer->reverse_range (old_len, buffer->len);
	  advances_so_far += run_advance;
	  continue;
	}
      }

      unsigned int num_glyphs = CTRunGetGlyphCount (run);
      if (num_glyphs == 0)
	continue;

      if (!buffer->ensure_inplace (buffer->len + num_glyphs))
	goto resize_and_retry;

      hb_glyph_info_t *run_info = buffer->info + buffer->len;

      /* Testing used to indicate that CTRunGetGlyphsPtr, etc (almost?) always
       * succeed, and so copying data to our own buffer will be rare.  Reports
       * have it that this changed in OS X 10.10 Yosemite, and nullptr is returned
       * frequently.  At any rate, we can test that codepath by setting USE_PTR
       * to false. */

#define USE_PTR true

#define SCRATCH_SAVE() \
  unsigned int scratch_size_saved = scratch_size; \
  hb_buffer_t::scratch_buffer_t *scratch_saved = scratch

#define SCRATCH_RESTORE() \
  scratch_size = scratch_size_saved; \
  scratch = scratch_saved;

      { /* Setup glyphs */
        SCRATCH_SAVE();
	const CGGlyph* glyphs = USE_PTR ? CTRunGetGlyphsPtr (run) : nullptr;
	if (!glyphs) {
	  ALLOCATE_ARRAY (CGGlyph, glyph_buf, num_glyphs, goto resize_and_retry);
	  CTRunGetGlyphs (run, range_all, glyph_buf);
	  glyphs = glyph_buf;
	}
	const CFIndex* string_indices = USE_PTR ? CTRunGetStringIndicesPtr (run) : nullptr;
	if (!string_indices) {
	  ALLOCATE_ARRAY (CFIndex, index_buf, num_glyphs, goto resize_and_retry);
	  CTRunGetStringIndices (run, range_all, index_buf);
	  string_indices = index_buf;
	}
	hb_glyph_info_t *info = run_info;
	for (unsigned int j = 0; j < num_glyphs; j++)
	{
	  info->codepoint = glyphs[j];
	  info->cluster = log_clusters[string_indices[j]];
	  info++;
	}
	SCRATCH_RESTORE();
      }
      {
        /* Setup positions.
	 * Note that CoreText does not return advances for glyphs.  As such,
	 * for all but last glyph, we use the delta position to next glyph as
	 * advance (in the advance direction only), and for last glyph we set
	 * whatever is needed to make the whole run's advance add up. */
        SCRATCH_SAVE();
	const CGPoint* positions = USE_PTR ? CTRunGetPositionsPtr (run) : nullptr;
	if (!positions) {
	  ALLOCATE_ARRAY (CGPoint, position_buf, num_glyphs, goto resize_and_retry);
	  CTRunGetPositions (run, range_all, position_buf);
	  positions = position_buf;
	}
	hb_glyph_info_t *info = run_info;
	if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_HORIZONTAL (buffer->props.direction))
	{
	  hb_position_t x_offset = (positions[0].x - advances_so_far) * x_mult;
	  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < num_glyphs; j++)
	  {
	    double advance;
	    if (likely (j + 1 < num_glyphs))
	      advance = positions[j + 1].x - positions[j].x;
	    else /* last glyph */
	      advance = run_advance - (positions[j].x - positions[0].x);
	    info->mask = advance * x_mult;
	    info->var1.i32 = x_offset;
	    info->var2.i32 = positions[j].y * y_mult;
	    info++;
	  }
	}
	else
	{
	  hb_position_t y_offset = (positions[0].y - advances_so_far) * y_mult;
	  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < num_glyphs; j++)
	  {
	    double advance;
	    if (likely (j + 1 < num_glyphs))
	      advance = positions[j + 1].y - positions[j].y;
	    else /* last glyph */
	      advance = run_advance - (positions[j].y - positions[0].y);
	    info->mask = advance * y_mult;
	    info->var1.i32 = positions[j].x * x_mult;
	    info->var2.i32 = y_offset;
	    info++;
	  }
	}
	SCRATCH_RESTORE();
	advances_so_far += run_advance;
      }
#undef SCRATCH_RESTORE
#undef SCRATCH_SAVE
#undef USE_PTR
#undef ALLOCATE_ARRAY

      buffer->len += num_glyphs;
    }

    /* Mac OS 10.6 doesn't have kCTTypesetterOptionForcedEmbeddingLevel,
     * or if it does, it doesn't respect it.  So we get runs with wrong
     * directions.  As such, disable the assert...  It wouldn't crash, but
     * cursoring will be off...
     *
     * https://crbug.com/419769
     */
    if (false)
    {
      /* Make sure all runs had the expected direction. */
      HB_UNUSED bool backward = HB_DIRECTION_IS_BACKWARD (buffer->props.direction);
      assert (bool (status_and & kCTRunStatusRightToLeft) == backward);
      assert (bool (status_or  & kCTRunStatusRightToLeft) == backward);
    }

    buffer->clear_positions ();

    unsigned int count = buffer->len;
    hb_glyph_info_t *info = buffer->info;
    hb_glyph_position_t *pos = buffer->pos;
    if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_HORIZONTAL (buffer->props.direction))
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
      {
	pos->x_advance = info->mask;
	pos->x_offset = info->var1.i32;
	pos->y_offset = info->var2.i32;

	info++, pos++;
      }
    else
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
      {
	pos->y_advance = info->mask;
	pos->x_offset = info->var1.i32;
	pos->y_offset = info->var2.i32;

	info++, pos++;
      }

    /* Fix up clusters so that we never return out-of-order indices;
     * if core text has reordered glyphs, we'll merge them to the
     * beginning of the reordered cluster.  CoreText is nice enough
     * to tell us whenever it has produced nonmonotonic results...
     * Note that we assume the input clusters were nonmonotonic to
     * begin with.
     *
     * This does *not* mean we'll form the same clusters as Uniscribe
     * or the native OT backend, only that the cluster indices will be
     * monotonic in the output buffer. */
    if (count > 1 && (status_or & kCTRunStatusNonMonotonic))
    {
      hb_glyph_info_t *info = buffer->info;
      if (HB_DIRECTION_IS_FORWARD (buffer->props.direction))
      {
	unsigned int cluster = info[count - 1].cluster;
	for (unsigned int i = count - 1; i > 0; i--)
	{
	  cluster = hb_min (cluster, info[i - 1].cluster);
	  info[i - 1].cluster = cluster;
	}
      }
      else
      {
	unsigned int cluster = info[0].cluster;
	for (unsigned int i = 1; i < count; i++)
	{
	  cluster = hb_min (cluster, info[i].cluster);
	  info[i].cluster = cluster;
	}
      }
    }
  }

  buffer->unsafe_to_break_all ();

#undef FAIL

fail:
  if (string_ref)
    CFRelease (string_ref);
  if (line)
    CFRelease (line);

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < range_records.length; i++)
    if (range_records[i].font)
      CFRelease (range_records[i].font);

  return ret;
}