# Binary Values

The library implements several [binary formats](binary_formats/index.md) that encode JSON in an efficient way. Most of
these formats support binary values; that is, values that have semantics defined outside the library and only define a
sequence of bytes to be stored.

JSON itself does not have a binary value. As such, binary values are an extension that this library implements to store
values received by a binary format. Binary values are never created by the JSON parser and are only part of a
serialized JSON text if they have been created manually or via a binary format.

## API for binary values

```mermaid
classDiagram

class binary_t ["json::binary_t"] {
    +void set_subtype(std::uint64_t subtype)
    +void clear_subtype()
    +std::uint64_t subtype() const
    +bool has_subtype() const
}

class vector ["std::vector<uint8_t>"]

vector <|-- binary_t
```

By default, binary values are stored as `std::vector<std::uint8_t>`. This type can be changed by providing a template
parameter to the `basic_json` type. To store binary subtypes, the storage type is extended and exposed as
`json::binary_t`:

```cpp
auto binary = json::binary_t({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE});
auto binary_with_subtype = json::binary_t({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);
```

There are several convenience functions to check and set the subtype:

```cpp
binary.has_subtype();                   // returns false
binary_with_subtype.has_subtype();      // returns true

binary_with_subtype.clear_subtype();
binary_with_subtype.has_subtype();      // returns false

binary_with_subtype.set_subtype(42);
binary.set_subtype(23);

binary.subtype();                       // returns 23
```

As `json::binary_t` is subclassing `std::vector<std::uint8_t>`, all member functions are available:

```cpp
binary.size();  // returns 4
binary[1];      // returns 0xFE
```

JSON values can be constructed from `json::binary_t`:

```cpp
json j = binary;
```

Binary values are primitive values just like numbers or strings:

```cpp
j.is_binary();    // returns true
j.is_primitive(); // returns true
```

Given a binary JSON value, the `binary_t` can be accessed by reference as via `get_binary()`:

```cpp
j.get_binary().has_subtype();  // returns true
j.get_binary().size();         // returns 4
```

For convenience, binary JSON values can be constructed via `json::binary`:

```cpp
auto j2 = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 23);
auto j3 = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE});

j2 == j;                        // returns true
j3.get_binary().has_subtype();  // returns false
j3.get_binary().subtype();      // returns std::uint64_t(-1) as j3 has no subtype
```


## Serialization

Binary values are serialized differently according to the formats.

### JSON

JSON does not have a binary type, and this library does not introduce a new type as this would break conformance.
Instead, binary values are serialized as an object with two keys: `bytes` holds an array of integers, and `subtype`
is an integer or `null`.

??? example

    Code:

    ```cpp
    // create a binary value of subtype 42
    json j;
    j["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);
    
    // serialize to standard output
    std::cout << j.dump(2) << std::endl;
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    {
      "binary": {
        "bytes": [202, 254, 186, 190],
        "subtype": 42
      }
    }
    ```

!!! warning "No roundtrip for binary values"

    The JSON parser will not parse the objects generated by binary values back to binary values. This is by design to
    remain standards compliant. Serializing binary values to JSON is only implemented for debugging purposes.

### BJData

[BJData](binary_formats/bjdata.md) neither supports binary values nor subtypes and proposes to serialize binary values
as an array of uint8 values. The library implements this translation.

??? example

    Code:
    
    ```cpp
    // create a binary value of subtype 42 (will be ignored in BJData)
    json j;
    j["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);

    // convert to BJData
    auto v = json::to_bjdata(j);      
    ```
            
    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 20 elements:

    ```c
    0x7B                                             // '{'
        0x69 0x06                                    // i 6 (length of the key)
        0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79                // "binary"
        0x5B                                         // '['
            0x55 0xCA 0x55 0xFE 0x55 0xBA 0x55 0xBE  // content (each byte prefixed with 'U')
        0x5D                                         // ']'
    0x7D                                             // '}'
    ```

    The following code uses the type and size optimization for BJData:

    ```cpp
    // convert to BJData using the size and type optimization
    auto v = json::to_bjdata(j, true, true);
    ```

    The resulting vector has 22 elements; the optimization is not effective for examples with few values:

    ```c
    0x7B                                // '{'
        0x23 0x69 0x01                  // '#' 'i' type of the array elements: unsigned integers
        0x69 0x06                       // i 6 (length of the key)
        0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79   // "binary"
        0x5B                            // '[' array
            0x24 0x55                   // '$' 'U' type of the array elements: unsigned integers
            0x23 0x69 0x04              // '#' i 4 number of array elements
            0xCA 0xFE 0xBA 0xBE         // content
    ```

    Note that subtype (42) is **not** serialized and that BJData has **no binary type**, and deserializing `v` would
    yield the following value:

    ```json
    {
      "binary": [202, 254, 186, 190]
    }
    ```

### BSON

[BSON](binary_formats/bson.md) supports binary values and subtypes. If a subtype is given, it is used and added as an
unsigned 8-bit integer. If no subtype is given, the generic binary subtype 0x00 is used.

??? example

    Code:
    
    ```cpp
    // create a binary value of subtype 42
    json j;
    j["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);

    // convert to BSON
    auto v = json::to_bson(j);      
    ```
            
    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 22 elements:
    
    ```c
    0x16 0x00 0x00 0x00                         // number of bytes in the document
        0x05                                    // binary value
            0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79 0x00  // key "binary" + null byte
            0x04 0x00 0x00 0x00                 // number of bytes
            0x2a                                // subtype
            0xCA 0xFE 0xBA 0xBE                 // content
    0x00                                        // end of the document
    ```

    Note that the serialization preserves the subtype, and deserializing `v` would yield the following value:

    ```json
    {
      "binary": {
        "bytes": [202, 254, 186, 190],
        "subtype": 42
      }
    }
    ```

### CBOR

[CBOR](binary_formats/cbor.md) supports binary values, but no subtypes. Subtypes will be serialized as tags. Any binary
value will be serialized as byte strings. The library will choose the smallest representation using the length of the
byte array.

??? example

    Code:
    
    ```cpp
    // create a binary value of subtype 42
    json j;
    j["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);

    // convert to CBOR
    auto v = json::to_cbor(j);      
    ```
            
    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 15 elements:
    
    ```c
    0xA1                                   // map(1)
        0x66                               // text(6)
            0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79  // "binary"
        0xD8 0x2A                          // tag(42)
        0x44                               // bytes(4)
            0xCA 0xFE 0xBA 0xBE            // content
    ```

    Note that the subtype is serialized as tag. However, parsing tagged values yield a parse error unless
    `json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore` or `json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store` is passed to `json::from_cbor`.

    ```json
    {
      "binary": {
        "bytes": [202, 254, 186, 190],
        "subtype": null
      }
    }
    ```

### MessagePack

[MessagePack](binary_formats/messagepack.md) supports binary values and subtypes. If a subtype is given, the ext family
is used. The library will choose the smallest representation among fixext1, fixext2, fixext4, fixext8, ext8, ext16, and
ext32. The subtype is then added as a signed 8-bit integer.

If no subtype is given, the bin family (bin8, bin16, bin32) is used.

??? example

    Code:
    
    ```cpp
    // create a binary value of subtype 42
    json j;
    j["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);

    // convert to MessagePack
    auto v = json::to_msgpack(j);      
    ```
            
    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 14 elements:
    
    ```c
    0x81                                   // fixmap1
        0xA6                               // fixstr6
            0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79  // "binary"
        0xD6                               // fixext4
            0x2A                           // subtype
            0xCA 0xFE 0xBA 0xBE            // content
    ```

    Note that the serialization preserves the subtype, and deserializing `v` would yield the following value:

    ```json
    {
      "binary": {
        "bytes": [202, 254, 186, 190],
        "subtype": 42
      }
    }
    ```

### UBJSON

[UBJSON](binary_formats/ubjson.md) neither supports binary values nor subtypes and proposes to serialize binary values
as an array of uint8 values. The library implements this translation.

??? example

    Code:
    
    ```cpp
    // create a binary value of subtype 42 (will be ignored in UBJSON)
    json j;
    j["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);

    // convert to UBJSON
    auto v = json::to_ubjson(j);      
    ```
            
    `v` is a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` with the following 20 elements:
    
    ```c
    0x7B                                             // '{'
        0x69 0x06                                    // i 6 (length of the key)
        0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79                // "binary"
        0x5B                                         // '['
            0x55 0xCA 0x55 0xFE 0x55 0xBA 0x55 0xBE  // content (each byte prefixed with 'U')
        0x5D                                         // ']'
    0x7D                                             // '}'
    ```

    The following code uses the type and size optimization for UBJSON:

    ```cpp
    // convert to UBJSON using the size and type optimization
    auto v = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
    ```

    The resulting vector has 23 elements; the optimization is not effective for examples with few values:

    ```c
    0x7B                                // '{'
        0x24                            // '$' type of the object elements
        0x5B                            // '[' array
        0x23 0x69 0x01                  // '#' i 1 number of object elements
        0x69 0x06                       // i 6 (length of the key)
        0x62 0x69 0x6E 0x61 0x72 0x79   // "binary"
            0x24 0x55                   // '$' 'U' type of the array elements: unsigned integers
            0x23 0x69 0x04              // '#' i 4 number of array elements
            0xCA 0xFE 0xBA 0xBE         // content
    ```

    Note that subtype (42) is **not** serialized and that UBJSON has **no binary type**, and deserializing `v` would
    yield the following value:

    ```json
    {
      "binary": [202, 254, 186, 190]
    }
    ```