[libc++] Granularize algorithm includes

Reviewed By: Mordante, ldionne, Quuxplusone, #libc, #libc_abi

Spies: #libc_vendors, libcxx-commits, miyuki

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D119667

GitOrigin-RevId: 2e2f3158c604adb8401a2a44a03f58d4b6f1c7f9