# Getting Started with PerfettoSQL

PerfettoSQL is the foundation of trace analysis in Perfetto. It is a dialect of
SQL that allows you to query the contents of your traces as if they were a
database. This page introduces the core concepts of trace querying with PerfettoSQL
and provides guidance on how to write queries.

## Overview of Trace Querying

The Perfetto UI is a powerful tool for visual analysis, offering call stacks, timeline views, thread tracks, and slices. However, it also includes a robust SQL query language (PerfettoSQL) which is interpreted by a query engine ([TraceProcessor](trace-processor.md)) which allows you to extract data programmatically.

While the UI is powerful for myriad of analyses, users are able to write and execute queries within the Perfetto UI for multiple purposes such as:

- Extracting performance data from traces.
- Create custom visualizations (Debug tracks) to perform more complex analyses.
- Creating derived metrics.
- Identify performance bottlenecks using data-driven logic.

Beyond the Perfetto UI, you can query traces programmatically using the [Python Trace Processor API](trace-processor-python.md) or the [C++ Trace Processor](trace-processor.md).

Perfetto also supports bulk trace analysis through the [Batch Trace Processor](batch-trace-processor.md). A key advantage of this system is query reusability: the same PerfettoSQL queries used for individual traces can be applied to large datasets without modification.

## Core Concepts

Before writing queries, it's important to understand the foundational concepts
of how Perfetto structures trace data.

### Events

In the most general sense, a trace is simply a collection of timestamped
"events". Events can have associated metadata and context which allows them to
be interpreted and analyzed. Timestamps are in nanoseconds; the values
themselves depend on the
[clock](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main/+/main:external/perfetto/protos/perfetto/config/trace_config.proto;l=114;drc=c74c8cf69e20d7b3261fb8c5ab4d057e8badce3e)
selected in TraceConfig.

Events form the foundation of trace processor and are one of two types: slices
and counters.

#### Slices

![Examples of slices](/docs/images/slices.png)

A slice refers to an interval of time with some data describing what was
happening in that interval. Some example of slices include:

- Atrace slices on Android
- Userspace slices from Chrome

#### Counters

![Examples of counters](/docs/images/counters.png)

A counter is a continuous value which varies over time. Some examples of
counters include:

- CPU frequency for each CPU core
- RSS memory events - both from the kernel and polled from /proc/stats
- atrace counter events from Android
- Chrome counter events

### Tracks

A track is a named partition of events of the same type and the same associated
context. A track associates events with a particular context such as a thread
(`utid`), process (`upid`), or CPU. For example:

- Sync userspace slices have one track for each thread which emitted an event
- Async userspace slices have one track for each "cookie" linking a set of async
  events

Tracks can be split into various types based on the type of event they contain
and the context they are associated with. Examples include:

- Global tracks are not associated to any context and contain slices
- Thread tracks are associated to a single thread and contain slices
- Counter tracks are not associated to any context and contain counters
- CPU counter tracks are associated to a single CPU and contain counters

Note that the Perfetto UI also uses the term "tracks" to refer to the visual
rows on the timeline. These are a UI-level concept for organizing the display
and do not map 1:1 to trace processor tracks.

### Scheduling

CPU scheduling data has its own dedicated tables and is not accessed through
tracks. The `sched` table contains one row for each time interval where a thread
was running on a CPU. Key columns include `ts`, `dur`, `cpu`, `utid`,
`end_state`, and `priority`.

For example, to see which threads were running on CPU 0:

```sql
SELECT ts, dur, utid
FROM sched
WHERE cpu = 0
LIMIT 10;
```

The complementary `thread_state` table shows what a thread was doing when it was
_not_ running — whether it was sleeping, blocked in an uninterruptible sleep,
runnable and waiting for a CPU, and so on.

To query scheduling data with thread and process names, use the
`sched.with_context` stdlib module which provides the `sched_with_thread_process`
view:

```sql
INCLUDE PERFETTO MODULE sched.with_context;

SELECT ts, dur, cpu, thread_name, process_name
FROM sched_with_thread_process
WHERE thread_name = 'RenderThread'
LIMIT 10;
```

### Stack sampling (CPU profiling)

Stack sampling periodically captures where code is executing, providing a
statistical picture of CPU usage over time. Perfetto supports multiple data
sources for this, including Linux perf, simpleperf, macOS Instruments, and
Chrome CPU profiling.

The raw data lives in source-specific tables (`perf_sample`,
`cpu_profile_stack_sample`). Each sample has a `callsite_id` which points into
the `stack_profile_callsite` table — a linked list of frames forming the
callstack. Each callsite row has a `frame_id` pointing to `stack_profile_frame`
(the function name and mapping/binary) and a `parent_id` pointing to the next
frame up the stack.

To resolve a sample to its leaf (most recent) frame, join through callsite to
frame:

```sql
SELECT
  s.ts,
  s.utid,
  f.name AS function_name,
  m.name AS binary_name
FROM perf_sample AS s
JOIN stack_profile_callsite AS c ON s.callsite_id = c.id
JOIN stack_profile_frame AS f ON c.frame_id = f.id
JOIN stack_profile_mapping AS m ON f.mapping = m.id
LIMIT 10;
```

For aggregation and summary across full callstacks, use the
`stacks.cpu_profiling` stdlib module. It provides a unified
`cpu_profiling_samples` table across all data sources and a
`cpu_profiling_summary_tree` table that computes self counts (samples where the
function was the leaf frame) and cumulative counts (samples where the function
appeared anywhere in the callstack):

```sql
INCLUDE PERFETTO MODULE stacks.cpu_profiling;

-- Unified samples across all CPU profiling data sources:
SELECT ts, thread_name, callsite_id
FROM cpu_profiling_samples
LIMIT 10;

-- Aggregated callstack tree with self and cumulative counts:
SELECT name, mapping_name, self_count, cumulative_count
FROM cpu_profiling_summary_tree
ORDER BY cumulative_count DESC
LIMIT 20;
```

### Heap profiling

Heap profiling captures memory allocations along with their callstacks, showing
where memory is being allocated (and freed) over time. This is useful for finding
memory leaks and understanding allocation patterns.

The `heap_profile_allocation` table contains one row per allocation or free
event. Key columns include `ts`, `upid`, `callsite_id`, `count`, and `size`.
The `upid` column can be joined to the `process` table to get the full process
command line (`cmdline`) and real pid.

```sql
SELECT ts, upid, size, count
FROM heap_profile_allocation
WHERE size > 0
ORDER BY size DESC
LIMIT 10;
```

Like CPU profiling, each allocation has a `callsite_id` pointing into the
callstack tables. To resolve an allocation to its leaf frame:

```sql
SELECT
  a.ts,
  a.size,
  f.name AS function_name,
  m.name AS binary_name
FROM heap_profile_allocation AS a
JOIN stack_profile_callsite AS c ON a.callsite_id = c.id
JOIN stack_profile_frame AS f ON c.frame_id = f.id
JOIN stack_profile_mapping AS m ON f.mapping = m.id
WHERE a.size > 0
LIMIT 10;
```

For full callstack aggregation with self and cumulative sizes, use the
`android.memory.heap_profile.summary_tree` stdlib module:

```sql
INCLUDE PERFETTO MODULE android.memory.heap_profile.summary_tree;

SELECT name, mapping_name, self_size, cumulative_size
FROM android_heap_profile_summary_tree
ORDER BY cumulative_size DESC
LIMIT 20;
```

### Heap graph (heap dumps)

Heap graph data captures a snapshot of the managed heap (e.g., Java/ART on
Android), recording the full object reference graph at a point in time. This is
useful for understanding memory retention and finding leaks in managed runtimes.

Key tables include:

- `heap_graph_object`: objects on the heap, with their type, size, and
  reachability information.
- `heap_graph_reference`: references between objects (which object points to
  which).
- `heap_graph_class`: class metadata (name, superclass, classloader).

```sql
SELECT
  c.name AS class_name,
  SUM(o.self_size) AS total_size,
  COUNT() AS object_count
FROM heap_graph_object AS o
JOIN heap_graph_class AS c ON o.type_id = c.id
WHERE o.reachable
GROUP BY c.name
ORDER BY total_size DESC
LIMIT 10;
```

### Thread and process identifiers

The handling of threads and processes needs special care when considered in the
context of tracing; identifiers for threads and processes (e.g. `pid`/`tgid` and
`tid` in Android/macOS/Linux) can be reused by the operating system over the
course of a trace. This means they cannot be relied upon as a unique identifier
when querying tables in trace processor.

To solve this problem, the trace processor uses `utid` (_unique_ tid) for
threads and `upid` (_unique_ pid) for processes. All references to threads and
processes (e.g. in CPU scheduling data, thread tracks) uses `utid` and `upid`
instead of the system identifiers.

### Querying traces in the Perfetto UI

Now that you understand the core concepts, you can start writing queries.

Perfetto provides two ways to explore trace data directly in the UI:

- The **Data Explorer** page lets you browse available tables interactively
  without writing SQL. This is useful for discovering what data is in your trace
  and understanding table schemas.
- The **Query (SQL)** tab provides a free-form SQL editor for writing and
  executing PerfettoSQL queries.

To use the Query tab:

1. Open a trace in the [Perfetto UI](https://ui.perfetto.dev/).

2. Click the **Query (SQL)** tab in the navigation bar (see image below).

![Query (SQL) Tab](/docs/images/perfettosql_query_tab.png)

Upon selecting this tab, the querying UI will show up and you will be able to free-form write your PerfettoSQL queries, it will let you write queries, show query results and query history as shown in the image below.

![Query UI](/docs/images/perfetto-sql-cli-description.png)

3. Enter your query in the Query UI area and press Ctrl + Enter (or Cmd + Enter) to execute.

Once executed query results will be shown within the same window.

This method of querying is useful when you have some degree of knowledge about how and what to query.

In order to find out how to write queries refer to the [Syntax guide](perfetto-sql-syntax.md), then in order to find available tables, modules, functions, etc. refer to the [Standard Library](stdlib-docs.autogen).

A lot of times, it will be useful to transform query results into tracks to perform complex analyses within the UI, we encourage readers to take a look at [Debug Tracks](debug-tracks.md) for more information on how to achieve this.

### Example: Executing a basic query

The simplest way to explore a trace is to select from the raw tables. For
example, to see the first 10 slices in a trace, you can run:

```sql
SELECT ts, dur, name FROM slice LIMIT 10;
```

Which you can write and execute by clicking on **Run Query** within the PerfettoSQL  querying UI, below is an example from a trace.

![Basic Query](/docs/images/perfetto-sql-basic-query.png)

### Adding Context to Slices

A common question when querying slices is: "how do I get the thread or process
that emitted this slice?" The easiest way is to use the `slices.with_context`
standard library module, which provides pre-joined views that include thread and
process information directly.

```sql
INCLUDE PERFETTO MODULE slices.with_context;
```

Once imported, you have access to three views:

**`thread_slice`** — slices from thread tracks, with thread and process context:

```sql
SELECT ts, dur, name, thread_name, process_name, tid, pid
FROM thread_slice
WHERE name = 'measure';
```

**`process_slice`** — slices from process tracks, with process context:

```sql
SELECT ts, dur, name, process_name, pid
FROM process_slice
WHERE name LIKE 'MyEvent%';
```

**`thread_or_process_slice`** — a combined view of both thread and process
slices, useful when you want to search across all slices regardless of track
type:

```sql
SELECT ts, dur, name, thread_name, process_name
FROM thread_or_process_slice
WHERE dur > 1000000;
```

These views are the recommended approach for most slice queries. They handle
the joins for you and expose commonly needed columns like `thread_name`,
`process_name`, `tid`, `pid`, `utid`, and `upid`.

#### Manual JOINs for more control

Under the hood, `thread_slice` joins `slice` with `thread_track`, `thread`, and
`process`. If you need columns not exposed by the stdlib views, or if you're
working with tables that don't have a stdlib convenience view (e.g., counter
tracks), you can write the joins yourself.

The `thread` and `process` tables map `utid`s and `upid`s to the system-level
`tid`, `pid`, and names:

```sql
SELECT tid, name
FROM thread
WHERE utid = 10;
```

For example, to get `upid`s of processes with a `mem.swap` counter greater
than 1000:

```sql
SELECT upid
FROM counter
JOIN process_counter_track ON process_counter_track.id = counter.track_id
WHERE process_counter_track.name = 'mem.swap' AND value > 1000;
```

Or to manually join slices with thread info:

```sql
SELECT thread.name AS thread_name
FROM slice
JOIN thread_track ON slice.track_id = thread_track.id
JOIN thread USING(utid)
WHERE slice.name = 'measure'
GROUP BY thread_name;
```

## Best Practices

### Prefer stdlib views over manual JOINs

The standard library provides pre-joined views for the most common queries.
Using `thread_slice`, `process_slice`, `thread_or_process_slice`, and
`sched_with_thread_process` saves boilerplate and avoids mistakes in join
conditions.

### Filter early

Always place `WHERE` clauses — especially filters on `name` — as early as
possible. This lets trace processor skip scanning rows that won't contribute
to the result.

### Use LIMIT when exploring

When you're unfamiliar with a table, start with a small query to understand its
shape before writing anything complex:

```sql
SELECT * FROM slice LIMIT 10;
```

### Timestamps are in nanoseconds

All `ts` and `dur` values are in nanoseconds. For human-readable output, use the
`time.conversion` stdlib module:

```sql
INCLUDE PERFETTO MODULE time.conversion;

SELECT name, time_to_ms(dur) AS dur_ms
FROM slice
WHERE dur > time_from_ms(10);
```

## Advanced Querying

For users who need to go beyond the standard library or build their own
abstractions, PerfettoSQL provides several advanced features.

### Helper functions

Helper functions are functions built into C++ which reduce the amount of
boilerplate which needs to be written in SQL.

#### Extract args

`EXTRACT_ARG` is a helper function which retrieves a property of an event (e.g.
slice or counter) from the `args` table.

It takes an `arg_set_id` and `key` as input and returns the value looked up in
the `args` table.

For example, to retrieve the `prev_comm` field for `sched_switch` events in the
`ftrace_event` table.

```sql
SELECT EXTRACT_ARG(arg_set_id, 'prev_comm')
FROM ftrace_event
WHERE name = 'sched_switch'
```

Behind the scenes, the above query would desugar to the following:

```sql
SELECT
  (
    SELECT string_value
    FROM args
    WHERE key = 'prev_comm' AND args.arg_set_id = raw.arg_set_id
  )
FROM ftrace_event
WHERE name = 'sched_switch'
```

### Operator tables

SQL queries are usually sufficient to retrieve data from trace processor.
Sometimes though, certain constructs can be difficult to express pure SQL.

In these situations, trace processor has special "operator tables" which solve a
particular problem in C++ but expose an SQL interface for queries to take
advantage of.

#### Span join

Span join is a custom operator table which computes the intersection of spans of
time from two tables or views. A span in this concept is a row in a table/view
which contains a "ts" (timestamp) and "dur" (duration) columns.

A column (called the _partition_) can optionally be specified which divides the
rows from each table into partitions before computing the intersection.

![Span join block diagram](/docs/images/span-join.png)

```sql
-- Get all the scheduling slices
CREATE VIEW sp_sched AS
SELECT ts, dur, cpu, utid
FROM sched;

-- Get all the cpu frequency slices
CREATE VIEW sp_frequency AS
SELECT
  ts,
  lead(ts) OVER (PARTITION BY track_id ORDER BY ts) - ts as dur,
  cpu,
  value as freq
FROM counter
JOIN cpu_counter_track ON counter.track_id = cpu_counter_track.id
WHERE cpu_counter_track.name = 'cpufreq';

-- Create the span joined table which combines cpu frequency with
-- scheduling slices.
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE sched_with_frequency
USING SPAN_JOIN(sp_sched PARTITIONED cpu, sp_frequency PARTITIONED cpu);

-- This span joined table can be queried as normal and has the columns from both
-- tables.
SELECT ts, dur, cpu, utid, freq
FROM sched_with_frequency;
```

NOTE: A partition can be specified on neither, either or both tables. If
specified on both, the same column name has to be specified on each table.

WARNING: An important restriction on span joined tables is that spans from the
same table in the same partition _cannot_ overlap. For performance reasons, span
join does not attempt to detect and error out in this situation; instead,
incorrect rows will silently be produced.

WARNING: Partitions mush be integers. Importantly, string partitions are _not_
supported; note that strings _can_ be converted to integers by applying the
`HASH` function to the string column.

Left and outer span joins are also supported; both function analogously to the
left and outer joins from SQL.

```sql
-- Left table partitioned + right table unpartitioned.
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE left_join
USING SPAN_LEFT_JOIN(table_a PARTITIONED a, table_b);

-- Both tables unpartitioned.
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE outer_join
USING SPAN_OUTER_JOIN(table_x, table_y);
```

NOTE: there is a subtlety if the partitioned table is empty and is either a)
part of an outer join b) on the right side of a left join. In this case, _no_
slices will be emitted even if the other table is non-empty. This approach was
decided as being the most natural after considering how span joins are used in
practice.

#### Ancestor slice

Given a slice, `ancestor_slice` returns all slices on the same track that are
direct parents above it (i.e. all slices found by following the `parent_id`
chain up to the root at depth 0).

```
+----------------------------+  depth 0  \
| A (id=1)                   |            |
| +------------+ +--------+  |            | ancestor_slice(4)
| | B (id=2)   | | D      |  |  depth 1   > returns A, B
| | +--------+ | |        |  |            |
| | |C (id=4)| | |        |  |  depth 2  /
| | +--------+ | |        |  |
| +------------+ +--------+  |
+----------------------------+
```

The returned format is the same as the
[slice table](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#slice).

For example, the following finds the top-level slice for each slice of interest:

```sql
CREATE VIEW interesting_slices AS
SELECT id, ts, dur, track_id
FROM slice WHERE name LIKE "%interesting slice name%";

SELECT
  *
FROM
  interesting_slices LEFT JOIN
  ancestor_slice(interesting_slices.id) AS ancestor ON ancestor.depth = 0
```

TIP: To check if one slice is an ancestor of another without fetching all
ancestors, use the `slice_is_ancestor(ancestor_id, descendant_id)` function
which is available without any imports.

#### Descendant slice

Given a slice, `descendant_slice` returns all slices on the same track that are
nested under it (i.e. all slices at a greater depth within the same time range).

```
+----------------------------+  depth 0
| A (id=1)                   |
| +------------+ +--------+  |           \
| | B (id=2)   | | D      |  |  depth 1   |
| | +--------+ | | +----+ |  |            | descendant_slice(1)
| | |C (id=4)| | | | E  | |  |  depth 2   > returns B, C, D, E
| | +--------+ | | +----+ |  |            |
| +------------+ +--------+  |           /
+----------------------------+
```

The returned format is the same as the
[slice table](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#slice).

For example, the following finds the number of slices under each slice of
interest:

```sql
CREATE VIEW interesting_slices AS
SELECT id, ts, dur, track_id
FROM slice WHERE name LIKE "%interesting slice name%";

SELECT
  interesting_slices.*,
  (
    SELECT COUNT(*)
    FROM descendant_slice(interesting_slices.id)
  ) AS total_descendants
FROM interesting_slices
```

#### Connected/Following/Preceding flows

DIRECTLY_CONNECTED_FLOW, FOLLOWING_FLOW and PRECEDING_FLOW are custom operator
tables that take a
[slice table's id column](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#slice) and collect
all entries of [flow table](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#flow), that are
directly or indirectly connected to the given starting slice.

`DIRECTLY_CONNECTED_FLOW(start_slice_id)` - contains all entries of
[flow table](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#flow) that are present in any
chain of kind: `flow[0] -> flow[1] -> ... -> flow[n]`, where
`flow[i].slice_out = flow[i+1].slice_in` and
`flow[0].slice_out = start_slice_id OR start_slice_id = flow[n].slice_in`.

NOTE: Unlike the following/preceding flow functions, this function will not
include flows connected to ancestors or descendants while searching for flows
from a slice. It only includes the slices in the directly connected chain.

`FOLLOWING_FLOW(start_slice_id)` - contains all flows which can be reached from
a given slice via recursively following from flow's outgoing slice to its
incoming one and from a reached slice to its child. The return table contains
all entries of [flow table](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#flow) that are
present in any chain of kind: `flow[0] -> flow[1] -> ... -> flow[n]`, where
`flow[i+1].slice_out IN DESCENDANT_SLICE(flow[i].slice_in) OR flow[i+1].slice_out = flow[i].slice_in`
and
`flow[0].slice_out IN DESCENDANT_SLICE(start_slice_id) OR flow[0].slice_out = start_slice_id`.

`PRECEDING_FLOW(start_slice_id)` - contains all flows which can be reached from
a given slice via recursively following from flow's incoming slice to its
outgoing one and from a reached slice to its parent. The return table contains
all entries of [flow table](/docs/analysis/sql-tables.autogen#flow) that are
present in any chain of kind: `flow[n] -> flow[n-1] -> ... -> flow[0]`, where
`flow[i].slice_in IN ANCESTOR_SLICE(flow[i+1].slice_out) OR flow[i].slice_in = flow[i+1].slice_out`
and
`flow[0].slice_in IN ANCESTOR_SLICE(start_slice_id) OR flow[0].slice_in = start_slice_id`.

```sql
--number of following flows for each slice
SELECT (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM FOLLOWING_FLOW(slice_id)) as following FROM slice;
```

## Next Steps

Now that you have a foundational understanding of PerfettoSQL, you can explore
the following topics to deepen your knowledge:

- **[PerfettoSQL Syntax](perfetto-sql-syntax.md)**: Learn about the SQL syntax
  supported by Perfetto, including special features for creating functions,
  tables, and views.
- **[Standard Library](stdlib-docs.autogen)**: Explore the rich set of modules
  available in the standard library for analyzing common scenarios like CPU
  usage, memory, and power.
- **[Trace Processor (C++)](trace-processor.md)**: Learn how to use the
  interactive shell and the underlying C++ library.
- **[Trace Processor (Python)](trace-processor-python.md)**: Leverage the Python
  API to combine trace analysis with the rich data science and visualization
  ecosystem.