packages/flutter/lib/src/rendering/binding.dart - mirrors/flutter - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2015 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file.

 import 'dart:async';
 import 'dart:developer';
 import 'dart:typed_data';

 import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/gestures.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/scheduler.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/semantics.dart';
 import 'package:flutter/services.dart';

 import 'box.dart';
 import 'debug.dart';
 import 'object.dart';
 import 'view.dart';

 export 'package:flutter/gestures.dart' show HitTestResult;

 // Examples can assume:
 // dynamic context;

 /// The glue between the render tree and the Flutter engine.
 mixin RendererBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, SemanticsBinding, HitTestable {
   @override
   void initInstances() {
     super.initInstances();
     _instance = this;
     _pipelineOwner = PipelineOwner(
       onNeedVisualUpdate: ensureVisualUpdate,
       onSemanticsOwnerCreated: _handleSemanticsOwnerCreated,
       onSemanticsOwnerDisposed: _handleSemanticsOwnerDisposed,
     );
     window
       ..onMetricsChanged = handleMetricsChanged
       ..onTextScaleFactorChanged = handleTextScaleFactorChanged
       ..onPlatformBrightnessChanged = handlePlatformBrightnessChanged
       ..onSemanticsEnabledChanged = _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged
       ..onSemanticsAction = _handleSemanticsAction;
     initRenderView();
     _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged();
     assert(renderView != null);
     addPersistentFrameCallback(_handlePersistentFrameCallback);
     _mouseTracker = _createMouseTracker();
   }

   /// The current [RendererBinding], if one has been created.
   static RendererBinding get instance => _instance;
   static RendererBinding _instance;

   @override
   void initServiceExtensions() {
     super.initServiceExtensions();

     assert(() {
       // these service extensions only work in debug mode
       registerBoolServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugPaint',
         getter: () async => debugPaintSizeEnabled,
         setter: (bool value) {
           if (debugPaintSizeEnabled == value)
             return Future<void>.value();
           debugPaintSizeEnabled = value;
           return _forceRepaint();
         },
       );
       registerBoolServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugPaintBaselinesEnabled',
         getter: () async => debugPaintBaselinesEnabled,
         setter: (bool value) {
           if (debugPaintBaselinesEnabled == value)
             return Future<void>.value();
           debugPaintBaselinesEnabled = value;
           return _forceRepaint();
         },
       );
       registerBoolServiceExtension(
         name: 'repaintRainbow',
         getter: () async => debugRepaintRainbowEnabled,
         setter: (bool value) {
           final bool repaint = debugRepaintRainbowEnabled && !value;
           debugRepaintRainbowEnabled = value;
           if (repaint)
             return _forceRepaint();
           return Future<void>.value();
         },
       );
       registerBoolServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugCheckElevationsEnabled',
         getter: () async => debugCheckElevationsEnabled,
         setter: (bool value) {
           if (debugCheckElevationsEnabled == value) {
             return Future<void>.value();
           }
           debugCheckElevationsEnabled = value;
           return _forceRepaint();
         }
       );
       registerSignalServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugDumpLayerTree',
         callback: () {
           debugDumpLayerTree();
           return debugPrintDone;
         },
       );
       return true;
     }());

     if (!kReleaseMode) {
       // these service extensions work in debug or profile mode
       registerSignalServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugDumpRenderTree',
         callback: () {
           debugDumpRenderTree();
           return debugPrintDone;
         },
       );

       registerSignalServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugDumpSemanticsTreeInTraversalOrder',
         callback: () {
           debugDumpSemanticsTree(DebugSemanticsDumpOrder.traversalOrder);
           return debugPrintDone;
         },
       );

       registerSignalServiceExtension(
         name: 'debugDumpSemanticsTreeInInverseHitTestOrder',
         callback: () {
           debugDumpSemanticsTree(DebugSemanticsDumpOrder.inverseHitTest);
           return debugPrintDone;
         },
       );
     }
   }

   /// Creates a [RenderView] object to be the root of the
   /// [RenderObject] rendering tree, and initializes it so that it
   /// will be rendered when the engine is next ready to display a
   /// frame.
   ///
   /// Called automatically when the binding is created.
   void initRenderView() {
     assert(renderView == null);
     renderView = RenderView(configuration: createViewConfiguration(), window: window);
     renderView.scheduleInitialFrame();
   }

   /// The object that manages state about currently connected mice, for hover
   /// notification.
   MouseTracker get mouseTracker => _mouseTracker;
   MouseTracker _mouseTracker;

   /// The render tree's owner, which maintains dirty state for layout,
   /// composite, paint, and accessibility semantics
   PipelineOwner get pipelineOwner => _pipelineOwner;
   PipelineOwner _pipelineOwner;

   /// The render tree that's attached to the output surface.
   RenderView get renderView => _pipelineOwner.rootNode;
   /// Sets the given [RenderView] object (which must not be null), and its tree, to
   /// be the new render tree to display. The previous tree, if any, is detached.
   set renderView(RenderView value) {
     assert(value != null);
     _pipelineOwner.rootNode = value;
   }

   /// Called when the system metrics change.
   ///
   /// See [Window.onMetricsChanged].
   @protected
   void handleMetricsChanged() {
     assert(renderView != null);
     renderView.configuration = createViewConfiguration();
     scheduleForcedFrame();
   }

   /// Called when the platform text scale factor changes.
   ///
   /// See [Window.onTextScaleFactorChanged].
   @protected
   void handleTextScaleFactorChanged() { }

   /// {@template on_platform_brightness_change}
   /// Called when the platform brightness changes.
   ///
   /// The current platform brightness can be queried either from a Flutter
   /// binding, or from a [MediaQuery] widget.
   ///
   /// {@tool sample}
   /// Querying [Window.platformBrightness].
   ///
   /// ```dart
   /// final Brightness brightness = WidgetsBinding.instance.window.platformBrightness;
   /// ```
   /// {@end-tool}
   ///
   /// {@tool sample}
   /// Querying [MediaQuery] directly.
   ///
   /// ```dart
   /// final Brightness brightness = MediaQuery.platformBrightnessOf(context);
   /// ```
   /// {@end-tool}
   ///
   /// {@tool sample}
   /// Querying [MediaQueryData].
   ///
   /// ```dart
   /// final MediaQueryData mediaQueryData = MediaQuery.of(context);
   /// final Brightness brightness = mediaQueryData.platformBrightness;
   /// ```
   /// {@end-tool}
   ///
   /// See [Window.onPlatformBrightnessChanged].
   /// {@endtemplate}
   @protected
   void handlePlatformBrightnessChanged() { }

   /// Returns a [ViewConfiguration] configured for the [RenderView] based on the
   /// current environment.
   ///
   /// This is called during construction and also in response to changes to the
   /// system metrics.
   ///
   /// Bindings can override this method to change what size or device pixel
   /// ratio the [RenderView] will use. For example, the testing framework uses
   /// this to force the display into 800x600 when a test is run on the device
   /// using `flutter run`.
   ViewConfiguration createViewConfiguration() {
     final double devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio;
     return ViewConfiguration(
       size: window.physicalSize / devicePixelRatio,
       devicePixelRatio: devicePixelRatio,
     );
   }

   SemanticsHandle _semanticsHandle;

   // Creates a [MouseTracker] which manages state about currently connected
   // mice, for hover notification.
   MouseTracker _createMouseTracker() {
     return MouseTracker(pointerRouter, (Offset offset) {
       // Layer hit testing is done using device pixels, so we have to convert
       // the logical coordinates of the event location back to device pixels
       // here.
       return renderView.layer
           .find<MouseTrackerAnnotation>(offset * window.devicePixelRatio);
     });
   }

   void _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged() {
     setSemanticsEnabled(window.semanticsEnabled);
   }

   /// Whether the render tree associated with this binding should produce a tree
   /// of [SemanticsNode] objects.
   void setSemanticsEnabled(bool enabled) {
     if (enabled) {
       _semanticsHandle ??= _pipelineOwner.ensureSemantics();
     } else {
       _semanticsHandle?.dispose();
       _semanticsHandle = null;
     }
   }

   void _handleSemanticsAction(int id, SemanticsAction action, ByteData args) {
     _pipelineOwner.semanticsOwner?.performAction(
       id,
       action,
       args != null ? const StandardMessageCodec().decodeMessage(args) : null,
     );
   }

   void _handleSemanticsOwnerCreated() {
     renderView.scheduleInitialSemantics();
   }

   void _handleSemanticsOwnerDisposed() {
     renderView.clearSemantics();
   }

   void _handlePersistentFrameCallback(Duration timeStamp) {
     drawFrame();
   }

   /// Pump the rendering pipeline to generate a frame.
   ///
   /// This method is called by [handleDrawFrame], which itself is called
   /// automatically by the engine when it is time to lay out and paint a frame.
   ///
   /// Each frame consists of the following phases:
   ///
   /// 1. The animation phase: The [handleBeginFrame] method, which is registered
   /// with [Window.onBeginFrame], invokes all the transient frame callbacks
   /// registered with [scheduleFrameCallback], in registration order. This
   /// includes all the [Ticker] instances that are driving [AnimationController]
   /// objects, which means all of the active [Animation] objects tick at this
   /// point.
   ///
   /// 2. Microtasks: After [handleBeginFrame] returns, any microtasks that got
   /// scheduled by transient frame callbacks get to run. This typically includes
   /// callbacks for futures from [Ticker]s and [AnimationController]s that
   /// completed this frame.
   ///
   /// After [handleBeginFrame], [handleDrawFrame], which is registered with
   /// [Window.onDrawFrame], is called, which invokes all the persistent frame
   /// callbacks, of which the most notable is this method, [drawFrame], which
   /// proceeds as follows:
   ///
   /// 3. The layout phase: All the dirty [RenderObject]s in the system are laid
   /// out (see [RenderObject.performLayout]). See [RenderObject.markNeedsLayout]
   /// for further details on marking an object dirty for layout.
   ///
   /// 4. The compositing bits phase: The compositing bits on any dirty
   /// [RenderObject] objects are updated. See
   /// [RenderObject.markNeedsCompositingBitsUpdate].
   ///
   /// 5. The paint phase: All the dirty [RenderObject]s in the system are
   /// repainted (see [RenderObject.paint]). This generates the [Layer] tree. See
   /// [RenderObject.markNeedsPaint] for further details on marking an object
   /// dirty for paint.
   ///
   /// 6. The compositing phase: The layer tree is turned into a [Scene] and
   /// sent to the GPU.
   ///
   /// 7. The semantics phase: All the dirty [RenderObject]s in the system have
   /// their semantics updated (see [RenderObject.semanticsAnnotator]). This
   /// generates the [SemanticsNode] tree. See
   /// [RenderObject.markNeedsSemanticsUpdate] for further details on marking an
   /// object dirty for semantics.
   ///
   /// For more details on steps 3-7, see [PipelineOwner].
   ///
   /// 8. The finalization phase: After [drawFrame] returns, [handleDrawFrame]
   /// then invokes post-frame callbacks (registered with [addPostFrameCallback]).
   ///
   /// Some bindings (for example, the [WidgetsBinding]) add extra steps to this
   /// list (for example, see [WidgetsBinding.drawFrame]).
   //
   // When editing the above, also update widgets/binding.dart's copy.
   @protected
   void drawFrame() {
     assert(renderView != null);
     pipelineOwner.flushLayout();
     pipelineOwner.flushCompositingBits();
     pipelineOwner.flushPaint();
     renderView.compositeFrame(); // this sends the bits to the GPU
     pipelineOwner.flushSemantics(); // this also sends the semantics to the OS.
   }

   @override
   Future<void> performReassemble() async {
     await super.performReassemble();
     Timeline.startSync('Dirty Render Tree', arguments: timelineWhitelistArguments);
     try {
       renderView.reassemble();
     } finally {
       Timeline.finishSync();
     }
     scheduleWarmUpFrame();
     await endOfFrame;
   }

   @override
   void hitTest(HitTestResult result, Offset position) {
     assert(renderView != null);
     renderView.hitTest(result, position: position);
     super.hitTest(result, position);
   }

   Future<void> _forceRepaint() {
     RenderObjectVisitor visitor;
     visitor = (RenderObject child) {
       child.markNeedsPaint();
       child.visitChildren(visitor);
     };
     instance?.renderView?.visitChildren(visitor);
     return endOfFrame;
   }
 }

 /// Prints a textual representation of the entire render tree.
 void debugDumpRenderTree() {
   debugPrint(RendererBinding.instance?.renderView?.toStringDeep() ?? 'Render tree unavailable.');
 }

 /// Prints a textual representation of the entire layer tree.
 void debugDumpLayerTree() {
   debugPrint(RendererBinding.instance?.renderView?.debugLayer?.toStringDeep() ?? 'Layer tree unavailable.');
 }

 /// Prints a textual representation of the entire semantics tree.
 /// This will only work if there is a semantics client attached.
 /// Otherwise, a notice that no semantics are available will be printed.
 ///
 /// The order in which the children of a [SemanticsNode] will be printed is
 /// controlled by the [childOrder] parameter.
 void debugDumpSemanticsTree(DebugSemanticsDumpOrder childOrder) {
   debugPrint(RendererBinding.instance?.renderView?.debugSemantics?.toStringDeep(childOrder: childOrder) ?? 'Semantics not collected.');
 }

 /// A concrete binding for applications that use the Rendering framework
 /// directly. This is the glue that binds the framework to the Flutter engine.
 ///
 /// You would only use this binding if you are writing to the
 /// rendering layer directly. If you are writing to a higher-level
 /// library, such as the Flutter Widgets library, then you would use
 /// that layer's binding.
 ///
 /// See also [BindingBase].
 class RenderingFlutterBinding extends BindingBase with GestureBinding, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, SemanticsBinding, RendererBinding {
   /// Creates a binding for the rendering layer.
   ///
   /// The `root` render box is attached directly to the [renderView] and is
   /// given constraints that require it to fill the window.
   RenderingFlutterBinding({ RenderBox root }) {
     assert(renderView != null);
     renderView.child = root;
   }
 }
	// Copyright 2015 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
	// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
	// found in the LICENSE file.

	import 'dart:async';
	import 'dart:developer';
	import 'dart:typed_data';

	import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';
	import 'package:flutter/gestures.dart';
	import 'package:flutter/scheduler.dart';
	import 'package:flutter/semantics.dart';
	import 'package:flutter/services.dart';

	import 'box.dart';
	import 'debug.dart';
	import 'object.dart';
	import 'view.dart';

	export 'package:flutter/gestures.dart' show HitTestResult;

	// Examples can assume:
	// dynamic context;

	/// The glue between the render tree and the Flutter engine.
	mixin RendererBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, SemanticsBinding, HitTestable {
	@override
	void initInstances() {
	super.initInstances();
	_instance = this;
	_pipelineOwner = PipelineOwner(
	onNeedVisualUpdate: ensureVisualUpdate,
	onSemanticsOwnerCreated: _handleSemanticsOwnerCreated,
	onSemanticsOwnerDisposed: _handleSemanticsOwnerDisposed,
	);
	window
	..onMetricsChanged = handleMetricsChanged
	..onTextScaleFactorChanged = handleTextScaleFactorChanged
	..onPlatformBrightnessChanged = handlePlatformBrightnessChanged
	..onSemanticsEnabledChanged = _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged
	..onSemanticsAction = _handleSemanticsAction;
	initRenderView();
	_handleSemanticsEnabledChanged();
	assert(renderView != null);
	addPersistentFrameCallback(_handlePersistentFrameCallback);
	_mouseTracker = _createMouseTracker();
	}

	/// The current [RendererBinding], if one has been created.
	static RendererBinding get instance => _instance;
	static RendererBinding _instance;

	@override
	void initServiceExtensions() {
	super.initServiceExtensions();

	assert(() {
	// these service extensions only work in debug mode
	registerBoolServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugPaint',
	getter: () async => debugPaintSizeEnabled,
	setter: (bool value) {
	if (debugPaintSizeEnabled == value)
	return Future<void>.value();
	debugPaintSizeEnabled = value;
	return _forceRepaint();
	},
	);
	registerBoolServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugPaintBaselinesEnabled',
	getter: () async => debugPaintBaselinesEnabled,
	setter: (bool value) {
	if (debugPaintBaselinesEnabled == value)
	return Future<void>.value();
	debugPaintBaselinesEnabled = value;
	return _forceRepaint();
	},
	);
	registerBoolServiceExtension(
	name: 'repaintRainbow',
	getter: () async => debugRepaintRainbowEnabled,
	setter: (bool value) {
	final bool repaint = debugRepaintRainbowEnabled && !value;
	debugRepaintRainbowEnabled = value;
	if (repaint)
	return _forceRepaint();
	return Future<void>.value();
	},
	);
	registerBoolServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugCheckElevationsEnabled',
	getter: () async => debugCheckElevationsEnabled,
	setter: (bool value) {
	if (debugCheckElevationsEnabled == value) {
	return Future<void>.value();
	}
	debugCheckElevationsEnabled = value;
	return _forceRepaint();
	}
	);
	registerSignalServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugDumpLayerTree',
	callback: () {
	debugDumpLayerTree();
	return debugPrintDone;
	},
	);
	return true;
	}());

	if (!kReleaseMode) {
	// these service extensions work in debug or profile mode
	registerSignalServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugDumpRenderTree',
	callback: () {
	debugDumpRenderTree();
	return debugPrintDone;
	},
	);

	registerSignalServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugDumpSemanticsTreeInTraversalOrder',
	callback: () {
	debugDumpSemanticsTree(DebugSemanticsDumpOrder.traversalOrder);
	return debugPrintDone;
	},
	);

	registerSignalServiceExtension(
	name: 'debugDumpSemanticsTreeInInverseHitTestOrder',
	callback: () {
	debugDumpSemanticsTree(DebugSemanticsDumpOrder.inverseHitTest);
	return debugPrintDone;
	},
	);
	}
	}

	/// Creates a [RenderView] object to be the root of the
	/// [RenderObject] rendering tree, and initializes it so that it
	/// will be rendered when the engine is next ready to display a
	/// frame.
	///
	/// Called automatically when the binding is created.
	void initRenderView() {
	assert(renderView == null);
	renderView = RenderView(configuration: createViewConfiguration(), window: window);
	renderView.scheduleInitialFrame();
	}

	/// The object that manages state about currently connected mice, for hover
	/// notification.
	MouseTracker get mouseTracker => _mouseTracker;
	MouseTracker _mouseTracker;

	/// The render tree's owner, which maintains dirty state for layout,
	/// composite, paint, and accessibility semantics
	PipelineOwner get pipelineOwner => _pipelineOwner;
	PipelineOwner _pipelineOwner;

	/// The render tree that's attached to the output surface.
	RenderView get renderView => _pipelineOwner.rootNode;
	/// Sets the given [RenderView] object (which must not be null), and its tree, to
	/// be the new render tree to display. The previous tree, if any, is detached.
	set renderView(RenderView value) {
	assert(value != null);
	_pipelineOwner.rootNode = value;
	}

	/// Called when the system metrics change.
	///
	/// See [Window.onMetricsChanged].
	@protected
	void handleMetricsChanged() {
	assert(renderView != null);
	renderView.configuration = createViewConfiguration();
	scheduleForcedFrame();
	}

	/// Called when the platform text scale factor changes.
	///
	/// See [Window.onTextScaleFactorChanged].
	@protected
	void handleTextScaleFactorChanged() { }

	/// {@template on_platform_brightness_change}
	/// Called when the platform brightness changes.
	///
	/// The current platform brightness can be queried either from a Flutter
	/// binding, or from a [MediaQuery] widget.
	///
	/// {@tool sample}
	/// Querying [Window.platformBrightness].
	///
	/// ```dart
	/// final Brightness brightness = WidgetsBinding.instance.window.platformBrightness;
	/// ```
	/// {@end-tool}
	///
	/// {@tool sample}
	/// Querying [MediaQuery] directly.
	///
	/// ```dart
	/// final Brightness brightness = MediaQuery.platformBrightnessOf(context);
	/// ```
	/// {@end-tool}
	///
	/// {@tool sample}
	/// Querying [MediaQueryData].
	///
	/// ```dart
	/// final MediaQueryData mediaQueryData = MediaQuery.of(context);
	/// final Brightness brightness = mediaQueryData.platformBrightness;
	/// ```
	/// {@end-tool}
	///
	/// See [Window.onPlatformBrightnessChanged].
	/// {@endtemplate}
	@protected
	void handlePlatformBrightnessChanged() { }

	/// Returns a [ViewConfiguration] configured for the [RenderView] based on the
	/// current environment.
	///
	/// This is called during construction and also in response to changes to the
	/// system metrics.
	///
	/// Bindings can override this method to change what size or device pixel
	/// ratio the [RenderView] will use. For example, the testing framework uses
	/// this to force the display into 800x600 when a test is run on the device
	/// using `flutter run`.
	ViewConfiguration createViewConfiguration() {
	final double devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio;
	return ViewConfiguration(
	size: window.physicalSize / devicePixelRatio,
	devicePixelRatio: devicePixelRatio,
	);
	}

	SemanticsHandle _semanticsHandle;

	// Creates a [MouseTracker] which manages state about currently connected
	// mice, for hover notification.
	MouseTracker _createMouseTracker() {
	return MouseTracker(pointerRouter, (Offset offset) {
	// Layer hit testing is done using device pixels, so we have to convert
	// the logical coordinates of the event location back to device pixels
	// here.
	return renderView.layer
	.find<MouseTrackerAnnotation>(offset * window.devicePixelRatio);
	});
	}

	void _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged() {
	setSemanticsEnabled(window.semanticsEnabled);
	}

	/// Whether the render tree associated with this binding should produce a tree
	/// of [SemanticsNode] objects.
	void setSemanticsEnabled(bool enabled) {
	if (enabled) {
	_semanticsHandle ??= _pipelineOwner.ensureSemantics();
	} else {
	_semanticsHandle?.dispose();
	_semanticsHandle = null;
	}
	}

	void _handleSemanticsAction(int id, SemanticsAction action, ByteData args) {
	_pipelineOwner.semanticsOwner?.performAction(
	id,
	action,
	args != null ? const StandardMessageCodec().decodeMessage(args) : null,
	);
	}

	void _handleSemanticsOwnerCreated() {
	renderView.scheduleInitialSemantics();
	}

	void _handleSemanticsOwnerDisposed() {
	renderView.clearSemantics();
	}

	void _handlePersistentFrameCallback(Duration timeStamp) {
	drawFrame();
	}

	/// Pump the rendering pipeline to generate a frame.
	///
	/// This method is called by [handleDrawFrame], which itself is called
	/// automatically by the engine when it is time to lay out and paint a frame.
	///
	/// Each frame consists of the following phases:
	///
	/// 1. The animation phase: The [handleBeginFrame] method, which is registered
	/// with [Window.onBeginFrame], invokes all the transient frame callbacks
	/// registered with [scheduleFrameCallback], in registration order. This
	/// includes all the [Ticker] instances that are driving [AnimationController]
	/// objects, which means all of the active [Animation] objects tick at this
	/// point.
	///
	/// 2. Microtasks: After [handleBeginFrame] returns, any microtasks that got
	/// scheduled by transient frame callbacks get to run. This typically includes
	/// callbacks for futures from [Ticker]s and [AnimationController]s that
	/// completed this frame.
	///
	/// After [handleBeginFrame], [handleDrawFrame], which is registered with
	/// [Window.onDrawFrame], is called, which invokes all the persistent frame
	/// callbacks, of which the most notable is this method, [drawFrame], which
	/// proceeds as follows:
	///
	/// 3. The layout phase: All the dirty [RenderObject]s in the system are laid
	/// out (see [RenderObject.performLayout]). See [RenderObject.markNeedsLayout]
	/// for further details on marking an object dirty for layout.
	///
	/// 4. The compositing bits phase: The compositing bits on any dirty
	/// [RenderObject] objects are updated. See
	/// [RenderObject.markNeedsCompositingBitsUpdate].
	///
	/// 5. The paint phase: All the dirty [RenderObject]s in the system are
	/// repainted (see [RenderObject.paint]). This generates the [Layer] tree. See
	/// [RenderObject.markNeedsPaint] for further details on marking an object
	/// dirty for paint.
	///
	/// 6. The compositing phase: The layer tree is turned into a [Scene] and
	/// sent to the GPU.
	///
	/// 7. The semantics phase: All the dirty [RenderObject]s in the system have
	/// their semantics updated (see [RenderObject.semanticsAnnotator]). This
	/// generates the [SemanticsNode] tree. See
	/// [RenderObject.markNeedsSemanticsUpdate] for further details on marking an
	/// object dirty for semantics.
	///
	/// For more details on steps 3-7, see [PipelineOwner].
	///
	/// 8. The finalization phase: After [drawFrame] returns, [handleDrawFrame]
	/// then invokes post-frame callbacks (registered with [addPostFrameCallback]).
	///
	/// Some bindings (for example, the [WidgetsBinding]) add extra steps to this
	/// list (for example, see [WidgetsBinding.drawFrame]).
	//
	// When editing the above, also update widgets/binding.dart's copy.
	@protected
	void drawFrame() {
	assert(renderView != null);
	pipelineOwner.flushLayout();
	pipelineOwner.flushCompositingBits();
	pipelineOwner.flushPaint();
	renderView.compositeFrame(); // this sends the bits to the GPU
	pipelineOwner.flushSemantics(); // this also sends the semantics to the OS.
	}

	@override
	Future<void> performReassemble() async {
	await super.performReassemble();
	Timeline.startSync('Dirty Render Tree', arguments: timelineWhitelistArguments);
	try {
	renderView.reassemble();
	} finally {
	Timeline.finishSync();
	}
	scheduleWarmUpFrame();
	await endOfFrame;
	}

	@override
	void hitTest(HitTestResult result, Offset position) {
	assert(renderView != null);
	renderView.hitTest(result, position: position);
	super.hitTest(result, position);
	}

	Future<void> _forceRepaint() {
	RenderObjectVisitor visitor;
	visitor = (RenderObject child) {
	child.markNeedsPaint();
	child.visitChildren(visitor);
	};
	instance?.renderView?.visitChildren(visitor);
	return endOfFrame;
	}
	}

	/// Prints a textual representation of the entire render tree.
	void debugDumpRenderTree() {
	debugPrint(RendererBinding.instance?.renderView?.toStringDeep() ?? 'Render tree unavailable.');
	}

	/// Prints a textual representation of the entire layer tree.
	void debugDumpLayerTree() {
	debugPrint(RendererBinding.instance?.renderView?.debugLayer?.toStringDeep() ?? 'Layer tree unavailable.');
	}

	/// Prints a textual representation of the entire semantics tree.
	/// This will only work if there is a semantics client attached.
	/// Otherwise, a notice that no semantics are available will be printed.
	///
	/// The order in which the children of a [SemanticsNode] will be printed is
	/// controlled by the [childOrder] parameter.
	void debugDumpSemanticsTree(DebugSemanticsDumpOrder childOrder) {
	debugPrint(RendererBinding.instance?.renderView?.debugSemantics?.toStringDeep(childOrder: childOrder) ?? 'Semantics not collected.');
	}

	/// A concrete binding for applications that use the Rendering framework
	/// directly. This is the glue that binds the framework to the Flutter engine.
	///
	/// You would only use this binding if you are writing to the
	/// rendering layer directly. If you are writing to a higher-level
	/// library, such as the Flutter Widgets library, then you would use
	/// that layer's binding.
	///
	/// See also [BindingBase].
	class RenderingFlutterBinding extends BindingBase with GestureBinding, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, SemanticsBinding, RendererBinding {
	/// Creates a binding for the rendering layer.
	///
	/// The `root` render box is attached directly to the [renderView] and is
	/// given constraints that require it to fill the window.
	RenderingFlutterBinding({ RenderBox root }) {
	assert(renderView != null);
	renderView.child = root;
	}
	}