doc/apps/openssl.pod - third_party/openssl - Git at Google


 =pod

 =head1 NAME

 openssl - OpenSSL command line tool

 =head1 SYNOPSIS

 B<openssl>
 I<command>
 [ I<command_opts> ]
 [ I<command_args> ]

 B<openssl> [ B<list-standard-commands> | B<list-message-digest-commands> | B<list-cipher-commands> | B<list-cipher-algorithms> | B<list-message-digest-algorithms> | B<list-public-key-algorithms>]

 B<openssl> B<no->I<XXX> [ I<arbitrary options> ]

 =head1 DESCRIPTION

 OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL
 v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related
 cryptography standards required by them.

 The B<openssl> program is a command line tool for using the various
 cryptography functions of OpenSSL's B<crypto> library from the shell.
 It can be used for

  o  Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters
  o  Public key cryptographic operations
  o  Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs
  o  Calculation of Message Digests
  o  Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers
  o  SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests
  o  Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail
  o  Time Stamp requests, generation and verification

 =head1 COMMAND SUMMARY

 The B<openssl> program provides a rich variety of commands (I<command> in the
 SYNOPSIS above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments
 (I<command_opts> and I<command_args> in the SYNOPSIS).

 The pseudo-commands B<list-standard-commands>, B<list-message-digest-commands>,
 and B<list-cipher-commands> output a list (one entry per line) of the names
 of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands,
 respectively, that are available in the present B<openssl> utility.

 The pseudo-commands B<list-cipher-algorithms> and
 B<list-message-digest-algorithms> list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:

  from => to

 The pseudo-command B<list-public-key-algorithms> lists all supported public
 key algorithms.

 The pseudo-command B<no->I<XXX> tests whether a command of the
 specified name is available.  If no command named I<XXX> exists, it
 returns 0 (success) and prints B<no->I<XXX>; otherwise it returns 1
 and prints I<XXX>.  In both cases, the output goes to B<stdout> and
 nothing is printed to B<stderr>.  Additional command line arguments
 are always ignored.  Since for each cipher there is a command of the
 same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the
 availability of ciphers in the B<openssl> program.  (B<no->I<XXX> is
 not able to detect pseudo-commands such as B<quit>,
 B<list->I<...>B<-commands>, or B<no->I<XXX> itself.)

 =head2 STANDARD COMMANDS

 =over 10

 =item L<B<asn1parse>|asn1parse(1)>

 Parse an ASN.1 sequence.

 =item L<B<ca>|ca(1)>

 Certificate Authority (CA) Management.

 =item L<B<ciphers>|ciphers(1)>

 Cipher Suite Description Determination.

 =item L<B<cms>|cms(1)>

 CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility

 =item L<B<crl>|crl(1)>

 Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.

 =item L<B<crl2pkcs7>|crl2pkcs7(1)>

 CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.

 =item L<B<dgst>|dgst(1)>

 Message Digest Calculation.

 =item B<dh>

 Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management.
 Obsoleted by L<B<dhparam>|dhparam(1)>.

 =item L<B<dhparam>|dhparam(1)>

 Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by
 L<B<genpkey>|genpkey(1)> and L<B<pkeyparam>|pkeyparam(1)>


 =item L<B<dsa>|dsa(1)>

 DSA Data Management.

 =item L<B<dsaparam>|dsaparam(1)>

 DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by
 L<B<genpkey>|genpkey(1)> and L<B<pkeyparam>|pkeyparam(1)>

 =item L<B<ec>|ec(1)>

 EC (Elliptic curve) key processing

 =item L<B<ecparam>|ecparam(1)>

 EC parameter manipulation and generation

 =item L<B<enc>|enc(1)>

 Encoding with Ciphers.

 =item L<B<engine>|engine(1)>

 Engine (loadble module) information and manipulation.

 =item L<B<errstr>|errstr(1)>

 Error Number to Error String Conversion.

 =item B<gendh>

 Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters.
 Obsoleted by L<B<dhparam>|dhparam(1)>.

 =item L<B<gendsa>|gendsa(1)>

 Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by
 L<B<genpkey>|genpkey(1)> and L<B<pkey>|pkey(1)>

 =item L<B<genpkey>|genpkey(1)>

 Generation of Private Key or Parameters.

 =item L<B<genrsa>|genrsa(1)>

 Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by L<B<genpkey>|genpkey(1)>.

 =item L<B<nseq>|nseq(1)>

 Create or examine a netscape certificate sequence

 =item L<B<ocsp>|ocsp(1)>

 Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.

 =item L<B<passwd>|passwd(1)>

 Generation of hashed passwords.

 =item L<B<pkcs12>|pkcs12(1)>

 PKCS#12 Data Management.

 =item L<B<pkcs7>|pkcs7(1)>

 PKCS#7 Data Management.

 =item L<B<pkey>|pkey(1)>

 Public and private key management.

 =item L<B<pkeyparam>|pkeyparam(1)>

 Public key algorithm parameter management.

 =item L<B<pkeyutl>|pkeyutl(1)>

 Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.

 =item L<B<rand>|rand(1)>

 Generate pseudo-random bytes.

 =item L<B<req>|req(1)>

 PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.

 =item L<B<rsa>|rsa(1)>

 RSA key management.


 =item L<B<rsautl>|rsautl(1)>

 RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded
 by  L<B<pkeyutl>|pkeyutl(1)>

 =item L<B<s_client>|s_client(1)>

 This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent
 connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing
 purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but
 internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL B<ssl> library.

 =item L<B<s_server>|s_server(1)>

 This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote
 clients speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides
 only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all
 functionality of the OpenSSL B<ssl> library.  It provides both an own command
 line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response
 facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.

 =item L<B<s_time>|s_time(1)>

 SSL Connection Timer.

 =item L<B<sess_id>|sess_id(1)>

 SSL Session Data Management.

 =item L<B<smime>|smime(1)>

 S/MIME mail processing.

 =item L<B<speed>|speed(1)>

 Algorithm Speed Measurement.

 =item L<B<spkac>|spkac(1)>

 SPKAC printing and generating utility

 =item L<B<ts>|ts(1)>

 Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)

 =item L<B<verify>|verify(1)>

 X.509 Certificate Verification.

 =item L<B<version>|version(1)>

 OpenSSL Version Information.

 =item L<B<x509>|x509(1)>

 X.509 Certificate Data Management.

 =back

 =head2 MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS

 =over 10

 =item B<md2>

 MD2 Digest

 =item B<md5>

 MD5 Digest

 =item B<mdc2>

 MDC2 Digest

 =item B<rmd160>

 RMD-160 Digest

 =item B<sha>

 SHA Digest

 =item B<sha1>

 SHA-1 Digest

 =item B<sha224>

 SHA-224 Digest

 =item B<sha256>

 SHA-256 Digest

 =item B<sha384>

 SHA-384 Digest

 =item B<sha512>

 SHA-512 Digest

 =back

 =head2 ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS

 =over 10

 =item B<base64>

 Base64 Encoding

 =item B<bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb>

 Blowfish Cipher

 =item B<cast cast-cbc>

 CAST Cipher

 =item B<cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb>

 CAST5 Cipher

 =item B<des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb>

 DES Cipher

 =item B<des3 desx des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb>

 Triple-DES Cipher

 =item B<idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb>

 IDEA Cipher

 =item B<rc2 rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb>

 RC2 Cipher

 =item B<rc4>

 RC4 Cipher

 =item B<rc5 rc5-cbc rc5-cfb rc5-ecb rc5-ofb>

 RC5 Cipher

 =back

 =head1 PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS

 Several commands accept password arguments, typically using B<-passin>
 and B<-passout> for input and output passwords respectively. These allow
 the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these
 options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no
 password argument is given and a password is required then the user is
 prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current
 terminal with echoing turned off.

 =over 10

 =item B<pass:password>

 the actual password is B<password>. Since the password is visible
 to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used
 where security is not important.

 =item B<env:var>

 obtain the password from the environment variable B<var>. Since
 the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms
 (e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution.

 =item B<file:pathname>

 the first line of B<pathname> is the password. If the same B<pathname>
 argument is supplied to B<-passin> and B<-passout> arguments then the first
 line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output
 password. B<pathname> need not refer to a regular file: it could for example
 refer to a device or named pipe.

 =item B<fd:number>

 read the password from the file descriptor B<number>. This can be used to
 send the data via a pipe for example.

 =item B<stdin>

 read the password from standard input.

 =back

 =head1 SEE ALSO

 L<asn1parse(1)|asn1parse(1)>, L<ca(1)|ca(1)>, L<config(5)|config(5)>,
 L<crl(1)|crl(1)>, L<crl2pkcs7(1)|crl2pkcs7(1)>, L<dgst(1)|dgst(1)>,
 L<dhparam(1)|dhparam(1)>, L<dsa(1)|dsa(1)>, L<dsaparam(1)|dsaparam(1)>,
 L<enc(1)|enc(1)>, L<gendsa(1)|gendsa(1)>, L<genpkey(1)|genpkey(1)>,
 L<genrsa(1)|genrsa(1)>, L<nseq(1)|nseq(1)>, L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>,
 L<passwd(1)|passwd(1)>,
 L<pkcs12(1)|pkcs12(1)>, L<pkcs7(1)|pkcs7(1)>, L<pkcs8(1)|pkcs8(1)>,
 L<rand(1)|rand(1)>, L<req(1)|req(1)>, L<rsa(1)|rsa(1)>,
 L<rsautl(1)|rsautl(1)>, L<s_client(1)|s_client(1)>,
 L<s_server(1)|s_server(1)>, L<s_time(1)|s_time(1)>,
 L<smime(1)|smime(1)>, L<spkac(1)|spkac(1)>,
 L<verify(1)|verify(1)>, L<version(1)|version(1)>, L<x509(1)|x509(1)>,
 L<crypto(3)|crypto(3)>, L<ssl(3)|ssl(3)>, L<x509v3_config(5)|x509v3_config(5)>

 =head1 HISTORY

 The openssl(1) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2.
 The B<list->I<XXX>B<-commands> pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.3;
 The B<list->I<XXX>B<-algorithms> pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0;
 the B<no->I<XXX> pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.5a.
 For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual
 manual pages.

 =cut

	=pod

	=head1 NAME

	openssl - OpenSSL command line tool

	=head1 SYNOPSIS

	B<openssl>
	I<command>
	[ I<command_opts> ]
	[ I<command_args> ]

	B<openssl> [ B<list-standard-commands> \| B<list-message-digest-commands> \| B<list-cipher-commands> \| B<list-cipher-algorithms> \| B<list-message-digest-algorithms> \| B<list-public-key-algorithms>]

	B<openssl> B<no->I<XXX> [ I<arbitrary options> ]

	=head1 DESCRIPTION

	OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL
	v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related
	cryptography standards required by them.

	The B<openssl> program is a command line tool for using the various
	cryptography functions of OpenSSL's B<crypto> library from the shell.
	It can be used for

	o Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters
	o Public key cryptographic operations
	o Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs
	o Calculation of Message Digests
	o Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers
	o SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests
	o Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail
	o Time Stamp requests, generation and verification

	=head1 COMMAND SUMMARY

	The B<openssl> program provides a rich variety of commands (I<command> in the
	SYNOPSIS above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments
	(I<command_opts> and I<command_args> in the SYNOPSIS).

	The pseudo-commands B<list-standard-commands>, B<list-message-digest-commands>,
	and B<list-cipher-commands> output a list (one entry per line) of the names
	of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands,
	respectively, that are available in the present B<openssl> utility.

	The pseudo-commands B<list-cipher-algorithms> and
	B<list-message-digest-algorithms> list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:

	from => to

	The pseudo-command B<list-public-key-algorithms> lists all supported public
	key algorithms.

	The pseudo-command B<no->I<XXX> tests whether a command of the
	specified name is available. If no command named I<XXX> exists, it
	returns 0 (success) and prints B<no->I<XXX>; otherwise it returns 1
	and prints I<XXX>. In both cases, the output goes to B<stdout> and
	nothing is printed to B<stderr>. Additional command line arguments
	are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the
	same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the
	availability of ciphers in the B<openssl> program. (B<no->I<XXX> is
	not able to detect pseudo-commands such as B<quit>,
	B<list->I<...>B<-commands>, or B<no->I<XXX> itself.)

	=head2 STANDARD COMMANDS

	=over 10

	=item L<B<asn1parse>\|asn1parse(1)>

	Parse an ASN.1 sequence.

	=item L<B<ca>\|ca(1)>

	Certificate Authority (CA) Management.

	=item L<B<ciphers>\|ciphers(1)>

	Cipher Suite Description Determination.

	=item L<B<cms>\|cms(1)>

	CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility

	=item L<B<crl>\|crl(1)>

	Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.

	=item L<B<crl2pkcs7>\|crl2pkcs7(1)>

	CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.

	=item L<B<dgst>\|dgst(1)>

	Message Digest Calculation.

	=item B<dh>

	Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management.
	Obsoleted by L<B<dhparam>\|dhparam(1)>.

	=item L<B<dhparam>\|dhparam(1)>

	Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by
	L<B<genpkey>\|genpkey(1)> and L<B<pkeyparam>\|pkeyparam(1)>


	=item L<B<dsa>\|dsa(1)>

	DSA Data Management.

	=item L<B<dsaparam>\|dsaparam(1)>

	DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by
	L<B<genpkey>\|genpkey(1)> and L<B<pkeyparam>\|pkeyparam(1)>

	=item L<B<ec>\|ec(1)>

	EC (Elliptic curve) key processing

	=item L<B<ecparam>\|ecparam(1)>

	EC parameter manipulation and generation

	=item L<B<enc>\|enc(1)>

	Encoding with Ciphers.

	=item L<B<engine>\|engine(1)>

	Engine (loadble module) information and manipulation.

	=item L<B<errstr>\|errstr(1)>

	Error Number to Error String Conversion.

	=item B<gendh>

	Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters.
	Obsoleted by L<B<dhparam>\|dhparam(1)>.

	=item L<B<gendsa>\|gendsa(1)>

	Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by
	L<B<genpkey>\|genpkey(1)> and L<B<pkey>\|pkey(1)>

	=item L<B<genpkey>\|genpkey(1)>

	Generation of Private Key or Parameters.

	=item L<B<genrsa>\|genrsa(1)>

	Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by L<B<genpkey>\|genpkey(1)>.

	=item L<B<nseq>\|nseq(1)>

	Create or examine a netscape certificate sequence

	=item L<B<ocsp>\|ocsp(1)>

	Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.

	=item L<B<passwd>\|passwd(1)>

	Generation of hashed passwords.

	=item L<B<pkcs12>\|pkcs12(1)>

	PKCS#12 Data Management.

	=item L<B<pkcs7>\|pkcs7(1)>

	PKCS#7 Data Management.

	=item L<B<pkey>\|pkey(1)>

	Public and private key management.

	=item L<B<pkeyparam>\|pkeyparam(1)>

	Public key algorithm parameter management.

	=item L<B<pkeyutl>\|pkeyutl(1)>

	Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.

	=item L<B<rand>\|rand(1)>

	Generate pseudo-random bytes.

	=item L<B<req>\|req(1)>

	PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.

	=item L<B<rsa>\|rsa(1)>

	RSA key management.


	=item L<B<rsautl>\|rsautl(1)>

	RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded
	by L<B<pkeyutl>\|pkeyutl(1)>

	=item L<B<s_client>\|s_client(1)>

	This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent
	connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing
	purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but
	internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL B<ssl> library.

	=item L<B<s_server>\|s_server(1)>

	This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote
	clients speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides
	only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all
	functionality of the OpenSSL B<ssl> library. It provides both an own command
	line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response
	facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.

	=item L<B<s_time>\|s_time(1)>

	SSL Connection Timer.

	=item L<B<sess_id>\|sess_id(1)>

	SSL Session Data Management.

	=item L<B<smime>\|smime(1)>

	S/MIME mail processing.

	=item L<B<speed>\|speed(1)>

	Algorithm Speed Measurement.

	=item L<B<spkac>\|spkac(1)>

	SPKAC printing and generating utility

	=item L<B<ts>\|ts(1)>

	Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)

	=item L<B<verify>\|verify(1)>

	X.509 Certificate Verification.

	=item L<B<version>\|version(1)>

	OpenSSL Version Information.

	=item L<B<x509>\|x509(1)>

	X.509 Certificate Data Management.

	=back

	=head2 MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS

	=over 10

	=item B<md2>

	MD2 Digest

	=item B<md5>

	MD5 Digest

	=item B<mdc2>

	MDC2 Digest

	=item B<rmd160>

	RMD-160 Digest

	=item B<sha>

	SHA Digest

	=item B<sha1>

	SHA-1 Digest

	=item B<sha224>

	SHA-224 Digest

	=item B<sha256>

	SHA-256 Digest

	=item B<sha384>

	SHA-384 Digest

	=item B<sha512>

	SHA-512 Digest

	=back

	=head2 ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS

	=over 10

	=item B<base64>

	Base64 Encoding

	=item B<bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb>

	Blowfish Cipher

	=item B<cast cast-cbc>

	CAST Cipher

	=item B<cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb>

	CAST5 Cipher

	=item B<des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb>

	DES Cipher

	=item B<des3 desx des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb>

	Triple-DES Cipher

	=item B<idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb>

	IDEA Cipher

	=item B<rc2 rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb>

	RC2 Cipher

	=item B<rc4>

	RC4 Cipher

	=item B<rc5 rc5-cbc rc5-cfb rc5-ecb rc5-ofb>

	RC5 Cipher

	=back

	=head1 PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS

	Several commands accept password arguments, typically using B<-passin>
	and B<-passout> for input and output passwords respectively. These allow
	the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these
	options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no
	password argument is given and a password is required then the user is
	prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current
	terminal with echoing turned off.

	=over 10

	=item B<pass:password>

	the actual password is B<password>. Since the password is visible
	to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used
	where security is not important.

	=item B<env:var>

	obtain the password from the environment variable B<var>. Since
	the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms
	(e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution.

	=item B<file:pathname>

	the first line of B<pathname> is the password. If the same B<pathname>
	argument is supplied to B<-passin> and B<-passout> arguments then the first
	line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output
	password. B<pathname> need not refer to a regular file: it could for example
	refer to a device or named pipe.

	=item B<fd:number>

	read the password from the file descriptor B<number>. This can be used to
	send the data via a pipe for example.

	=item B<stdin>

	read the password from standard input.

	=back

	=head1 SEE ALSO

	L<asn1parse(1)\|asn1parse(1)>, L<ca(1)\|ca(1)>, L<config(5)\|config(5)>,
	L<crl(1)\|crl(1)>, L<crl2pkcs7(1)\|crl2pkcs7(1)>, L<dgst(1)\|dgst(1)>,
	L<dhparam(1)\|dhparam(1)>, L<dsa(1)\|dsa(1)>, L<dsaparam(1)\|dsaparam(1)>,
	L<enc(1)\|enc(1)>, L<gendsa(1)\|gendsa(1)>, L<genpkey(1)\|genpkey(1)>,
	L<genrsa(1)\|genrsa(1)>, L<nseq(1)\|nseq(1)>, L<openssl(1)\|openssl(1)>,
	L<passwd(1)\|passwd(1)>,
	L<pkcs12(1)\|pkcs12(1)>, L<pkcs7(1)\|pkcs7(1)>, L<pkcs8(1)\|pkcs8(1)>,
	L<rand(1)\|rand(1)>, L<req(1)\|req(1)>, L<rsa(1)\|rsa(1)>,
	L<rsautl(1)\|rsautl(1)>, L<s_client(1)\|s_client(1)>,
	L<s_server(1)\|s_server(1)>, L<s_time(1)\|s_time(1)>,
	L<smime(1)\|smime(1)>, L<spkac(1)\|spkac(1)>,
	L<verify(1)\|verify(1)>, L<version(1)\|version(1)>, L<x509(1)\|x509(1)>,
	L<crypto(3)\|crypto(3)>, L<ssl(3)\|ssl(3)>, L<x509v3_config(5)\|x509v3_config(5)>

	=head1 HISTORY

	The openssl(1) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2.
	The B<list->I<XXX>B<-commands> pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.3;
	The B<list->I<XXX>B<-algorithms> pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0;
	the B<no->I<XXX> pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.5a.
	For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual
	manual pages.

	=cut